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PARENTAL PRESSURE & ANXIETY IN HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES.
Term Paper ID:15015
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Essay Subject:
Research proposal to measure relationship between parental pressure to succeed in sports & children's high levels of anxiety. Abstract. Questionnaire.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Research proposal to measure relationship between parental pressure to succeed in sports & children's high levels of anxiety. Abstract. Questionnaire.
Paper Introduction:
Abstract
Approximately 50 high school students (25 males and 25 females) will be administered the Parental Sport Pressure Questionnaire (PSPQ) developed for this study and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test for Children (SCAT-C), developed by Martens (1982). Students who score above the median on the PSPQ will be assigned to the High Parental Sport Pressure Group (HPSP), and students who score at or below the median will be assigned to the Low Parental Sport Pressure group (LPSP). The t-test for correlated groups will be used to determine if a statistically significant difference (p ?.05) exists between the two groups in competition trait anxiety as measured on the SCAT-C. It is hypothesized that students who score above the median on the PSPQ will report significantly higher mean levels of
Text of the Paper:
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C., Porter, B. P. Passer (1982) reports that, for some children, the adverseconsequences from competitive stress include performance impairment, anddisruption of sleeping and eating routines. M. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 4) Does your father or mother watch you play sports at home games? Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 58-62. When the ball was hit to the boy, he committed an error byallowing the ball to roll through his legs. The child form of the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT-C)developed by Martens (1982) will be employed to assess the extent to whichthe student-athlete reports the experience of anxiety in competitivesports, or competition trait anxiety. J., & Welch, I. All subjects will be volunteers who obtained written parentalconsent to participate in this study.Methodology Subjects will be administered the Parental Sports PressureQuestionnaire (PSPQ) developed for this study. (1981, July). Often, parents may be overzealousand have unrealistic expectations of their children, thus forcing theirchildren into perceiving themselves as failures (McElroy & Kirkendall,1981). 44-49. Journal of Sports Psychology, 3, 244-247. Kleiber, D. Discover, pp. Little hassles can be hazardous tohealth. The test will be a one-tailed, directional test of the hypothesis. Sources of competitivestress in young female athletes. Lazarus, R. Psychology of motorbehavior and sport--198 . (1981). Emotions: How they effect your body. F., & Laudenslager, M. (1984, November). It is hypothesized that students who score abovethe median on the PSPQ will report significantly higher mean levels ofcompetition trait anxiety on the SCAT-C than students who score at or belowthe median of the PSPQ. S. Bowie, MD:Charles Press. A., & Roberts, G. The continued parental pressureon children to succeed in competitive sports may produce what Lazarus(1981) refers to as chronic role strain, which results from a permanent butnot always harmonious relationship with a significant person in one's life. Dothey tell you so? Each of the 1 itemsare answered on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 through 5, with 1representing no parental involvement or pressure and 5 representing maximumparental involvement or pressure. (1983), parental pressure concerning sports may be thesingle most powerful factor that leads to stress for children involved inorganized athletics. Indeed, parental pressure on childrento succeed in competitive sports is often very high. Suchparental pressure often generates high levels of anxiety in students. According toMedeiros, et al. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 9) Does your father or mother give you money to buy sport clothing orequipment without you asking them to do so? Childrenunder stress. W. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 3) Does you father or mother watch you practice sports at school orelsewhere? Of joy, competence, and significant othersin children's sports. 1) Does your father or mother encourage you to participate in sports? Participation in highly competitive sports subjectschildren to a public demonstration of their athletic abilities, which areevaluated by many significant others. Thus, theformat is similar to that of the PSPQ. M. Upon returning home after thegame, the father punished his son by locking him out of the house(Medeiros, Porter, & Welch, 1983). Roberts, G. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 1 ) Does your father or mother punish you for not doing well in sports,such as when you make a mistake when they are watching? W. (1981). The median of the PSPQ scores will be computed; student-athletes with PSPQ scores above the median will be placed in the HighParental Sports Pressure group (HPSP), and student athletes with PSPQscores at or below the median will be placed in the Low Parental SportsPressure group (LPSP).Data Analysis The t-test for correlated groups will be employed to determine if astatistically significant difference (p ?. A. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 35-38. Maranto, G. C. Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics. Appendix The Parental Sport Pressure Questionnaire Instructions Below are 1 questions concerning the extent to which your parents(step-parents, guardian, etc.) are involved in your sports activities.Provide only one response to each question, and answer each question bycircling the number which most closely describes your parents' involvementin your sport activities. (1985, August). The SCAT-C consists of 1 items,along with five spurious items, which are answered on a three-point Likert-type scale, with 1 representing a response of hardly ever, 2 representing aresponse of sometimes, and 3 representing a response of often. R. (1977). Sports Competition Anxiety Test. A., & Kirkendall, D. Simon, J. (1982). In view of the above parental pressure and its deleterious effectson children, a hypothesis has been formulated to help provide insight intothe effects of high and low parental pressure on children to succeed incompetitive sports.Hypothesis High school students involved in varsity-level competitive sports whoperceive a high degree of parental pressure to succeed in sports (asindicated by a score above the group median on the Parental Sports PressureQuestionnaire, PSPQ) will report significantly higher mean levels ofcompetition trait anxiety (as measured by the Sport Competition AnxietyTest for Children, SCAT-C) than high school students involved in varsity-level competitive sports who perceive a low degree of parental pressure tosucceed in sports (as indicated by a score at or below the group median ofthe PSPQ). New York: Methuen.----------------------- 11 9 Children's anxiety in sport andnonsport evaluative activities. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Martens, R. Scanlon, T. Even in the absence of sport competition, Varma (1984) reports highlevels of anxiety among children today. The reported connection between stress and susceptibility todiseases, including cancer (Maier & Laudenslager, 1985), and its potentialfor suppressing the immune system (Maranto, 1984), serves to highlight thepotential deleterious effects of parental pressure on children to succeedin competitive sports. K., & Passer, M. As many as 17 million youths between 6 and 16 participate inorganized competitive sports programs in the United States (Simon &Martens, 1979), and parents play a crucial role in determining whetherchildren decide to become involved in organized competitive sports (McElroy& Kirkendall, 1981). In G. Moreover, Lazarus (1981) foundthat day-to-day stresses may be more harmful to psychological and physicalhealth than the major misfortunes of life. Conflict in perceivedparent/child sport ability judgments. The PSPQ is composed of 1 items (see Appendix) which assess the extent to which parents are involvedin, concerned with, and apply psychological pressure to the son or daughterto participate in and achieve in competitive sports. Kleiber, D. Psychology Today. Students who score above the median onthe PSPQ will be assigned to the High Parental Sport Pressure Group (HPSP),and students who score at or below the median will be assigned to the LowParental Sport Pressure group (LPSP). The perception of threat to self-esteem results in competition stressthat can occur at any point during the competition if the child perceivesan imbalance between competitional demands and his or her athleticcapabilities (Scanlon & Passer, 1979). The t-test for correlated groupswill be used to determine if a statistically significant difference (p?. Quest, 33(2), 231-244. Passer, M. Participation in such evaluation-laden settings can be perceived as threatening to self-esteem when childrenbelieve they are not able to meet the demands of competition successfully. C., & Landers, D. D. pp. Parental Pressure and Sport Competition Anxiety Among High School Students IntroductionStatement of the Problem Many children and adolescents are under considerable parentalpressure to engage in and succeed in competitive sports at school. In spite of the high levels ofanxiety in the absence of sport competition, children are subjected to whatBeisser (1977) refers to as sports madness. Maier, S. The effects of sportexperience in the development of social character: An exploratory study.Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, 114-122. Psychology Today, pp. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 2) Does you father or mother play sports with you, such as playingcatch with a ball? MethodSubjects Subjects will be approximately 5 high school students (25 males and25 females) enrolled in varsity-level competitive sports activities atschool. Varma, V. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 6) Does your father or mother act as your coach and give yousuggestions on how to improve yourself in sports? (1983). Given affairs today, thisstudy is determine if students who report high levels of parental pressureto succeed in competitive sports experience significantly higher levels ofcompetition trait anxiety than students who report low levels of parentalpressure to succeed in competitive sports.Review of the Literature A young boy was playing in a Little League baseball game while hisfather watched. Highlevels of anxiety in students have been associated with distorted self-concepts and sibling rivalry among children (Medeiros, Porter, & Welch,1983), increases in evaluation anxiety (Kleiber, 198 ), increases ofanxiety among students to levels significantly above that of students innonrequired, nonsport activities (Simon & Martens, 1979), high levels ofstress upon losing in competition (Scanlon & Passer, 1979), and theinhibition of prosocial behavior in male children (Kleiber & Roberts,1981). (1982). (1984). Stress and health: Exploring the links. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 7) Does your father or mother buy you sport equipment for yourbirthday or Christmas? (198 ). Landers (Eds.), Psychologyof motor behavior and sport--198 . Children in sport: Participation motives andpsychological stress. Anxiety in children. (1979). Medeiros, D. C. 5) exists between the two groups in competition trait anxiety asmeasured on the SCAT-C. (1979). Abstract Approximately 5 high school students (25 males and 25 females) willbe administered the Parental Sport Pressure Questionnaire (PSPQ) developedfor this study and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test for Children (SCAT-C), developed by Martens (1982). McElroy, M. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1, 151-159. The madness in sports (2nd ed.). 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 8) Does your father or mother believe that sports are important? A., & Martens, R. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often 5) Does your father or mother watch you play sports in games that areplayed far from home? Martens also reports theSCAT-C has high item discriminability, internal consistency, contentvalidity, and concurrent validity (Martens, 1982).Design and Procedure Approximately 5 high school students who are involved in varsity-level competitive sports activities at school will be administered theParental Sports Pressure Questionnaire and the Sports Competition AnxietyTest for Children. 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often References Beisser, A. (198 ). Test-retest reliability of the SCAT-C is reported at r=.77, and reliability established through analysis ofvariance is reported at r=.81 (Martens, 1982). Journal of Sports Psychology, 1, 16 -169. 5) exists between the HighParental Sports Pressure group and the Low Parental Sports Pressure groupin the mean levels of reported competition trait anxiety as measured by theSports Competition Anxiety Test for Children. Roberts & D.
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