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THE WOLF.
Term Paper ID:22219
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Essay Subject:
Territory, population, diet, pack behavior, sanctioned kills, as endangered species, reintroduction to Wyoming, future.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
12 sources, 22 Citations,
OTHER Format
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Paper Abstract:
Territory, population, diet, pack behavior, sanctioned kills, as endangered species, reintroduction to Wyoming, future.
Paper Introduction:
Wolves
The status of the wolf in the United States is becoming more secure. The wolf has made a comeback in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin. It is currently being reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. In Alaska, sanctioned kills are vehemently discussed. Hunters in Michigan are complaining that the number of wolves living in the forests are killing too many deer. Since 1975, wolves have been spotted in Wisconsin. After many years of having a bounty on their heads, the last bounty was paid in 1965 in Minnesota, and the wolves have returned. It is time to begin managing this population to control the deer herds and to reintroduce wolf packs as a top-line predator in other parts of the country.
Territory
Text of the Paper:
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Each wolf, in the state, eats between 18 and 2 deer a year.With 2, wolves in the state, Minnesota is losing 36, to 4 , deer ayear to predation by wolves (6:66). The new goal was to have the neighboringstates of Wisconsin and Michigan reach 1 wolves. More studies need to be completed on both the moose and wolfpopulations jointly to confirm the causality. Reintroducing the Wolf Reintroducing the wolf to Yellowstone National Park has sparkedcontroversy between the ranchers and the environmentalists. Territory The wolf's range has been impressive. 8. Wolves have beenportrayed as vicious, livestock-eating, dangerous creatures as a method ofconvincing the general public that they should be killed or at least notreintroduced to the area. Other states are beginning to gain healthy populations of timberwolves. Old faithful, wolves deprived of safeguards. The chances of a rancher actuallycatching a wolf in the act is slim. Livestock owners and outfitters (guides) areusing the threat to their stock and wildlife to try to block the release ofthe wolves into the area. Apparently, the ranchers' fears were already beingconfirmed. The return of the native. Both the number of predatorywolves and the population of their prey influence each other to arrive atan equilibrium. Amiddle ground needs to be found among the ranchers, hunters, and theconservationists. Press; 1993.12. The controversy exists because the conservationists are protestingthat the caribou and moose populations will increase too fast and causestarvation and disease. Parks 67:11-2; March/April 1993. The hunting habits of the pack are dependant on the typeof prey available. The NPCA canceled its plans to hold their fallboard meeting in Anchorage to emphasis their protest. Thiel found that wolves also prey heavily on the buckswho are weakened by the fall rut. Decrying wolves. It is time to begin managingthis population to control the deer herds and to reintroduce wolf packs asa top-line predator in other parts of the country. To theircredit, the conservation groups which had been pushing for the return ofthe wolves to Yellowstone stood behind their words by contributing themoney to pay for the one-acre holding pens used to acclimate the wolves totheir new surroundings. At one time, wolves rangedthroughout most of the North American continent; they have ranged fromcentral Mexico north to Alaska. Nature 37 :497; 1994 August 18. 9. Within days, a wolf was killed while consuming acalf (1 :63). P. The ranchers use public lands to graze theirstock and do not want to increase the risks that the stock encounters whileusing public lands. Bid to protect wolves from genetic pollution. The majority of these deer are lessthan a year old. This ability until recently has allowed the wolf to be thedominant predator of the North American Continent (11:3). 6. Some of the wolveskilled would probably be wolves which spend time and make their homeswithin protected areas. Conclusion Wolves have recovered from their endangered status in the state ofMinnesota. Wilkinson, T. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. The first group ofwolves was released in January of 1995, in the Church/River area of Idaho(1 :63). Bringing back the pack. The Minnesota Deer Hunters Association has called for removing thewolves within the state from the Endangered Species list. This strategy increases the chances for the pack to have asuccessful kill to eat. E.; Peterson, R. Estimates of the wolf's impact on the local deer populations havebeen made. The number of wolvescan be kept small enough (through hunting, if necessary) not to interferewith the ability of successful large game hunting by the hunter and limiteddepredation of the ranches. Before controlled hunting or trapping of wolves couldproceed, state regulations would likely be challenged by conservationgroups. Wolves have also made most of the Eurasiancontinent--from Saudi Arabia and central India north to the Arctic Oceanand from the rock of Gibraltar to the Japanese isles--their home range.The wolves' ability to adapt to changing climates and ecosystems isfantastic. Friends of the Animals, an organizationopposed to hunting, has countered with a reward for information leading tothe conviction of anyone killing a wolf in Wyoming. of Wisc. This is less than the amount that ranchers lose to starvation,storms, dogs, and ineptitude. If thisis the case, then the F&WS could fence off thousands of acres from use(9:3 ). The impact of a wolf pack on the local deer population is the thirdleading cause of mortality. Wolves do kill stock, but the amount they killis less than 1 percent of the livestock which is available for them to kill(8:15). Another explanation is that Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Department ofthe Interior, realized that, with the change in the composition ofCongress, he needed to complete the project before its funding waswithdrawn and that Babbitt wanted to appease his conscience because hisrelatives helped to kill off the wolves in northern Arizona (9:3 ). Bucks are the choice of hunters; theirantlers are a trophy. Itis currently being reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. If a rancher finds a wolf in the act of attackingand killing livestock and the rancher is on his own property, then he cankill the wolf. When theUnited States expanded westward, settlers wiped out the local wolf packs toprevent them from preying on livestock (12:25). In the early 197 s, the packs were confined to the northernone-third of the state. Jim Streeter, policy director of the conservative NationalWildlife Institute, says that 41 percent of livestock which are found deadin Canada are the kill of wolves (9:3 ). Begley, S.; Glick, D. Wolves are reentering Idaho on their own (7:2 ) and with theDepartment of the Interior's help also entering Yellowstone Park. Currently, the pack has expanded to includes2, wolves. McCarty, L. The Board of Game, byallowing a wolf hunt, would decrease the number of moose and caribou killedby predation each year and thereby increase the size of the herds. Nat. The ranchers have been given some relief from the provisions of theEndangered Species Act. Ascharacteristic megafauna, the wolf is a symbol of everything wild. After manyyears of having a bounty on their heads, the last bounty was paid in 1965in Minnesota, and the wolves have returned. In Alaska,sanctioned kills are vehemently discussed. Death from wolves follows death at humanhands, legally hunted and poached, and severe weather. Another possible problem facing theranchers is if the Fish and Wildlife Service decides that the wolves needprotection from the public and from the ranchers' cattle grazing. Thiswould benefit the state's hunting industry and the subsistence hunters. Newsweek 125:53; 1995 January 23. In more recentresearch, this result is called into question (5:1557). U.S. The comeback wolves. In the last2 years, the population and range of the wolf has changed. Both sides areusing rhetoric to enflame the public's perception of the debate. News & World Report 117:76-8; 1994 December 12. The middle ground will probably be found when the wolvesnumber enough to ensure adequate populations for breeding and to controloverpopulation of animals lower on the food chain. The trouble with timber wolves. Elias National Parks and the Yukon-Charley Rivers NationalPreserve. The wolves inMinnesota are listed as threatened, with the recovery goal of having 1,25 to 1,4 wolves by the year 2 . 266:1555-8; 1994. Saile, B. In reality, wolves willkill and eat large hoofed animals. The populations of these large hoofed animals determine where a wolfpack can exist. Their range has expanded to include the whole ofthe northern half of the state. They had called fora tourist boycott of Alaska but called it off when the Board of Gamechanged its plans for the shooting of the wolves. Wyoming has not yet passed the pending bill toplace a bounty on any wolf caught outside the boundaries of Yellowstone.The bill would also pay the federal fine of $1 , for killing a wolf forthe collector of the bounty. Sanctioned Kills Debate is constant and in both directions on whether there should beany hunting and killing of wolves. The ranchers have lost the battle to keep wolves out of the westernstates. At these times, the pack hunts together. Mooney, R. Wolves in Alaska eat more moose than otheranimals (11:6). Literature Cited 1. 7. Rev. 47:28-3 ; March 1995.1 . This includes the hunting of wolves inAlaska, where the wolf is not endangered. Before the Endangered Species Act waspassed two decades ago, the number of wolves in Minnesota had dwindled toapproximately 6 (6:66). The proposed wolf reduction areas are next to Denali,Wrangell-St. In 1993, the Alaskan Board of Game caved in to publicpressure and delayed its proposed aerial hunting of wolves in the state(4:11). Carpenter, B.; Busch, L. 2. Sci. The hunt wasindefinitely delayed; at the same time, though, the Board of Gameeliminated the provisions for buffer zones around the Denali National Parkand preserve. The Board of Game had decided that the caribou and moosepopulations of the state needed to be increased. Parks 67:24-9; May/June 1993.----------------------- 1 Thiel, R. The wolves within these National Parks and National Preserveshave ranges which extend beyond the protected areas. It may be possible for the wolf to be delisted as early as1998 or 1999. Harpers 29 :15-7; April 1995. 3. This was accomplishedin 1994 (6:66). The majority of the deertaken are bucks, fawns and older deer (11:6). Their primary diet consists ofungulates, hoofed animals like bison, mountain sheep, elk, deer antelopeand domesticated livestock like sheep, cattle and goats (11:5). Department of Fish and Wildlifeofficials state that the decision and action needed to be completed quicklyin order to allow the wolves time to acclimate before mating season (9:28). Four ofthe wolves had to be released outside of the protected area because oftransportation and weather problems. Where the wolfhunts for moose, the population appears to be more impacted by changes invegetation growth than by predation by the wolves (11:7). Many explanations account for the rapid decision to move the wolvesfrom Canada to Idaho and Wyoming. In the areas of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota,where the wolf preys on white-tailed deer, the hunting strategy for thesummer when the animals are scattered is for the pack to hunt singly or inpairs (11:6). Field and Stream C:63; July 1995.11. The goal of reintroducing thewolves to Yellowstone and the Frank Church/River of No Return Wilderness(in Idaho) includes achieving a population of 1 wolves in each area with1 breeding pairs. The remaining 11 wolves were releasedinside the wilderness. The wolf's placein controlling and regulating the number of older moose and therefore thebirth rates of moose has been shown to indirectly control the level ofdeforestation by the moose population. Releasing wolves from symbolism. In Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, the wolf's primaryfood is white-tailed deer. Wolves The status of the wolf in the United States is becoming more secure.The wolf has made a comeback in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin. The cost of $65, for each wolf will give the UnitedStates a bill of more than $12 million (1 :63). McLaren, B. Larger numbers of moose meangreater deforestation and less vegetation, and then the wolves are able tokill greater numbers of moose as well as the moose's reproductive ratedrops. The controversy doesnot show any signs of abating, but currently the wolves' future is secure. Wolvesliving in the arctic regions, in the tundra, have a diet of mainly caribou,musk-oxen and other large prey. Butler, D. Field and Stream C:66; August 1995. This increased range now includes regionswhich are used as prime deer-hunting areas by the state's hunters. Wolveswere eliminated from the area in the 192 s and 193 s by hunting, at theinstigation of the livestock industry and others (7:18). 5. The timber wolf in Wisconsin. Parks 68:18-2 ; November/December 1994. Madison, Wisc.: Univ. Richardson, V. The second largest concentration of wolves in the United States (thefirst is in Alaska) is in Minnesota. With continued protection in the areas which the wolves arereclaiming as territory, the wolves are beginning to need to be controlledthrough regulated hunting in areas with successful populations. Nat. In 1992, the United States Department of Fish and WildlifeService changed the goals for declaring the wolf recovered from beingthreatened with extinction. O. Hunters in Michigan arecomplaining that the number of wolves living in the forests are killing toomany deer. There were problems with the project from the beginning. These two packs of wolves, in Yellowstone and the Frank Church/Riverof No Return Wilderness, are expected to reach 1 wolves each by the year2 2, are expected to kill about 1,2 bison, deer, and elk every year(1:53). Since 1975, wolves have been spotted in Wisconsin. Bringing back the pack. Nat. Thewolves would probably reestablish their presence in Yellowstone within thenext 3 years without intervention (9:28). A court challenge delayed the release of the wolves inYellowstone, and they were held in pens until their release. The wolves in Alaska prey on thesame species, moose and caribou, that the state's subsistence hunters andsportsmen hunt. Hisfamily has been cattle and sheep ranchers for five generations and werepart of the movement to eradicate wolves from the ranges. In the winter, the deer congregate in local deeryards with their fawns to find protection from the winter storms andforage. 4. Alaska delays decision on aerial wolf killing. Nat. This goal has already been met andexceeded. Many of these animals starve each winter.
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