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COACHING HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL.
Term Paper ID:22425
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Essay Subject:
Legal liability, certification, impact on violence, drug abuse & academic performance, emphasis on winning, social benefits.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
10 sources, 19 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
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Paper Abstract:
Legal liability, certification, impact on violence, drug abuse & academic performance, emphasis on winning, social benefits.
Paper Introduction:
COACHING HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL: A REVIEW
Introduction
This research reviews principles, procedures, behaviors, and outcomes associated with the coaching of high school football. The findings of this review are presented in discussions related to legal issues, administrative and organizational issues, and issues related to violence, drug abuse, academic performance, and an emphasis on winning.
Legal Issues
Organizations administering youth athletic programs can incur liability in multiple contexts. All organizations are shielded to some extent from liability claims associated with the provision of medical aid to injured players. The so-called "Good Samaritan" laws
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As children age, however, youthathletic programs tend to apply more demanding selection criteria forcontinued participation. A., and Matthews, D. C. E. Legal Issues Organizations administering youth athletic programs can incurliability in multiple contexts. Martin, "Boy's Death From Pitch By Machine Called Rare," NewYork Times, 3 June 1994, B3. "Tort Reform Proponents Want Losers to Pay Legal Costs." American Medical News 35 (5 October 1992): 1 -11.Sabock, R. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1987), 195. J. A legal innovation called the "mature minor doctrine" will helporganizations administering youth athletic programs to defend themselvesagainst liability claims involving the treatment of program participantsexperiencing physical injury.[5] The doctrine enables mentally able minorsto give consent for themselves if the proposed treatment can provide thedesired results in emergency situations. [17]Fine, 2 1. "Boy's Death From Pitch By Machine Called Rare." New York Times, 3 June 1994, B3.Martin, D. McCormick, "Tort Reform Proponents Want Losers to Pay LegalCosts," American Medical News 35 (5 October 1992): 1 -11. [14]Fine, 197. [15]Fine, 198. [4]D. Law and Liability in Athletics, Physical Education, and Recreation. A. Issues Related to Violence, Drug Abuse, Academic Performance, and An Emphasis on Winning Five major societal benefits are attributed by adherents to theconduct of youth sports programs.[12] The first claim is thatparticipation in youth athletic programs reduces the rate of juveniledelinquency. "Emergency Medicine and the Underage Athlete." Journal of Athletic Training 29 (September 1994): 2 -2 2.McCormick, B. Martin, "Emergency Medicine and the Underage Athlete,"Journal of Athletic Training 29 (September 1994): 2 -2 2. [19]Ibid., 7, 195. Chandler-Garvin, "Coaching Certification:United States Requirements. B. [12]G. [7]Ibid., 47. Law dealing with the concept of charitable immunity has been developedprimarily through case law.[6] Charitable immunity implies that acharitable organization cannot be held liable for either its own negligenceor the negligent acts of others acting in behalf of the organization. "High School Sports." CQ Researcher, 22 September 1995, 827- 829.----------------------- [1]C. L. COACHING HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL: A REVIEW Introduction This research reviews principles, procedures, behaviors, and outcomesassociated with the coaching of high school football. [11]"An Apple From Teacher," Sports Illustrated, 15 May 1995, 24. E. Fine, With the Boys. Sabock, and P. L. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.Gerrard, D. Administrative and Organizational Issues In 1995, certification requirements for physical education teachingand coaching in the United States vary according to both level of activity-national, interscholastic, and community, and jurisdiction-state-levelcertification requirements with respect to the interscholastic level.[9]The problem is particularly acute with respect to the athletic coachingside of the equation, where certification is all but non-existent in somejurisdictions at the interscholastic level.[1 ] The increasinglysignificant role played by physical education and athletic coaching ineducation appears to demand both certification and consistency incertification requirements across jurisdictions. F. J., and Chandler-Garvin, P. [6]J. Thus, the possibility is strong that thechildren selected to participate in youth athletic programs are more securethan the average child prior to beginning participation in youth athleticprograms. "Sideline Samaritans: The Pros and Cons of Volunteering." Physicians and Sportsmedicine 19 (November 1991): 132-136.Fine, G. [2]B. Tightening finances also are affecting the administration of highschool football programs.[11] In Hamler, Ohio, for example, 38 assistantcoaches in the Patrick Henry School District offered to forego additionalpay for athletic coaching if the athletic programs could be saved. Brown Publishing, 1989.Benda, C. Specifically, theresearch addressed legal issues, administrative and organizational issues,and issues related to violence, drug abuse, academic performance, and anemphasis on winning. Baley and D. The findings of thisreview are presented in discussions related to legal issues, administrativeand organizational issues, and issues related to violence, drug abuse,academic performance, and an emphasis on winning. Some data do suggest that athletes generallyare less likely to be delinquents than non-athletes. [9]R. The application of a pretest-posttest design to such research,therefore, easily could find that participation in youth athletic programsinflicted psychological harm on some or all of the young persons involved. All organizations are shielded to someextent from liability claims associated with the provision of medical aidto injured players.[1] The so-called "Good Samaritan" laws prohibitliability claims against any person who renders aid at the scene of anaccident, including an unintentional injury on the football field. B "Coaching Certification: United States Requirements. Carefully designedstudies have not been conducted, however, to determine whether this effectis the result of participation in athletics, or whether the effects is aproduct of the selection process that determines who may participate inathletics.[13] Nevertheless, supporters of youth athletic programs choseto think the former. A. Bibliography"An Apple From Teacher." Sports Illustrated, 15 May 1995, 24.Baley, J. Matthews, Law and Liability in Athletics,Physical Education, and Recreation (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. J. With the Boys. C. L. Edgar Hoover, on an occasion when was not wearing awoman's dress, claimed that Little league was the greatest deterrent tocrime in American history. The concept of contributory negligence is another that poses problemsfor the organization administering youth athletic programs.[7] Thisconcept in most states in the United States is applied to children betweenthe ages of seven and 18 years old differently from the way the concept isapplied to adults. Gerrard, "Overuse Injury and Growing Bones: The Young AthleteAt Risk," British Journal of Sports Medicine 27 (March 1993): 14-18. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, andDance 57 (June 1986): 57-59. Worsnop, "High School Sports," CQ Researcher, 22 September1995, 827-829. At issue also is to what extent secondaryeducational institutions may be considered to be charitable institutions. Benda, "Sideline Samaritans: The Pros and Cons of Volunteering,"Physicians and Sportsmedicine 19 (November 1991): 132-136. L. [3]D. F. The second major claim of societal benefit made for youth athleticprograms is that they increase tolerance.[14] William Cahill, whilerepresenting the State of New Jersey in the United States House ofRepresentatives, once rhapsodized about this claimed societal benefituttering the rhetorical question" "What better medium for improving racerelations in the United States and developing better internationalrelationships through the world, than this great sport of baseball playedas it is under the ideal conditions prescribed by Little league baseball?"The realities of the situation, however, are that residential segregationby racial and ethnic groups throughout the United States preclude large-scale interactions between young persons of different racial ethnic groupsthrough participation in youth athletic programs. Mechanical innovations also lead to increased risk of physical injuryfor participants in youth athletic programs.[4] As an illustration, a boyin Brooklyn, New York was killed by a baseball thrown by an automaticpitching machine during a practice session. Reformsin tort law, such as that being sought through the Republican party's"Contract With America," to require losing plaintiffs to pay the courtcosts of the winners are views as providing positive benefits fororganizations administering youth athletic programs.[2] The increasing numbers of children participating in formal youthathletic programs, together with changes in youth sport, means than moreand more children are being exposed to high intensity training at earlierages.[3] This situation increases the risk of physical injury toparticipants in youth athletic programs. Youth athletic programs have always been controversial.[18] Manyprofessional recreation directors and educators believe that such programsare detrimental to the social development of adolescents because of thecompetitive emphasis in such programs and the quasi-militaristic characterof the organizations administering the programs.[19] Opposing suchprofessional opinion, however, is the perception that the benefitsassociated with youth athletic programs are akin to gifts from God. [5]D. [16]Fine, 198. The fifth societal benefit claimed for participation in youth athleticprograms is the development of leadership skills.[17] While severalstudies have found that teachers rate the leadership skills of participantsin youth athletic programs higher than those of non participants, thesestudies also suffer from a failure to apply pretest-posttest researchdesigns. A. The fourth claimed societal benefit of youth athletic programs is thatthey provide psychological benefits for the participants.[16] The problemwith research on this issue is that the studies that find positivepsychological benefits for those children who participate in youth athleticprograms in relation to the experiences of young persons who do notparticipate in such programs is that the studies are not characterized bypretest-posttest designs. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance 57 (June 1986): 57-59.Worsnop, R. Generally, children between the ages of seven and 18years old may be held contributorily liable only to the extent that theyfail to exercise "that degree of care ordinarily exercised by a child ofsimilar age under the same or similar circumstances."[8] A statement by ayouth athletic program administration that an injured player acted in areckless manner, thus, may not be a defense against a liability claim bythe player or her or his family. The third societal benefit claimed for youth athletic programs is thatsuch programs teach athletic skills and provide physical exercise.[15] Fewpeople will argue that the provision of physical exercise is not a societalbenefit; however, many would argue that little benefit to society accruesfrom the teaching of athletic skills. Summary This research reviewed principles, procedures, behaviors, and outcomesassociated with the coaching of high school football. While the incident was said tobe highly unusual, similar incidents have occurred in the past. "Overuse Injury and Growing Bones: The Young Athlete At Risk." British Journal of Sports Medicine 27 (March 1993): 14-18.Martin, D. [18]Fine, 4. Thus, again, the strong possibility exists that the apparentbenefits attributed to participation in youth athletic programs are simplymanifestations of the selection process applied by such organizations. Inthe contemporary period, the concept of charitable immunity is in a stateof confusion, as some courts throw out the concept while other courtscontinue to embrace it. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. Brown Publishing,1989), 39. Thus, even the undeniable benefits of physicalexercise accrue to fewer and fewer children as the ranking of the teamsincrease. [13]Worsnop, 829. [1 ]R. [8]Baley and Matthews, 47.
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