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PUNTING A FOOTBALL.
Term Paper ID:22437
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Essay Subject:
Anatomical & physiological processes involved in individual's preparation for action.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
4 sources, 17 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Anatomical & physiological processes involved in individual's preparation for action.
Paper Introduction:
Punting A Football: The Anatomy and Physiology
Complex physical endeavors generally require the coordinated functioning of numerous organs and organ systems. Punting a football, for example, involves the body's special sensory apparatus and nervous system. Through the appropriate neuronal stimuli, an athlete's respiration and heart rate may be elevated. Such adjustments provide for the increased metabolic requirements associated with exertion. Only when these physiologic needs are met, can the athlete perform optimally.
A punter about to kick a football would obviously hear the roar of the crowd. The process of hearing requires several different anatomic structures. These include the external, middle, and inner ear structures. The external ear consists of a flap of elastic cartilage known as the auricle, the external
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"How Are Three-Dimensional Objects Represented in the Brain?" Cerebral Cortex 5 (1995 May-June): 247-26 .Eckert, R. The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle is determined bythe following two quantities: (1) the volume of blood pumped by theventricle every time it beats (i.e., stroke volume); and (2) the number ofheart-beats per minute (i.e., heart rate). The wall of the eyeball can be divided into thefollowing three layers: (1) the fibrous tunic; (2) the vascular tunic; and(3) the retina. The nervous system as a whole can be divided into the following twogeneral parts: (1) the central nervous system (CNS); and (2) theperipheral nervous system (PNS). It integrates incoming information, generates thoughts, storesmemories, and controls the body. These specialized receptors have longhairlike processes which extend out into the endolymph and are covered bythe gelatinous tectorial membrane. Light entering a football player's eye passes through the cornea, thepupil, and the lens, before projecting onto the back of the eyeball.Eventually, the light reaches the inner coat of the eye, or the retina.The retina is actually a multilayered outgrowth of the brain. At rest, most adults consume approximately2 milliliters of oxygen every minute. In a football player, this center mightbe activated even before the initiation of physical activity. Punting a football, forexample, involves the body's special sensory apparatus and nervous system.Through the appropriate neuronal stimuli, an athlete's respiration andheart rate may be elevated. Freeman and Company; 1988.Kristal-Boneh, E.; Raifel, M.; Froom, P.; Ribak, J. 247). These nerves release the neurotransmitter,norepinephrine (Kristal-Boneh et al. H.; Edelman, S. The auditory impulses generated by afootball player's ear, for example, travel to the CNS. However, through nervoussystem coordination, each of these multiple systems are combined toultimately produce a successful punt. Seventh Edition. Motor output from the cerebral cortex occurs throughthe following two types of descending tracts: (1) the pyramidal tracts;and (2) the extrapyramidal tracts. Activation of the cardiovascular center eventually resultsin the stimulation of sympathetic nerves. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. A punter about to kick a football would obviously hear the roar ofthe crowd. The parasympathetic nervous system isprimarily responsible for the maintenance of physiologic homeostasis.Conversely, the sympathetic nervous system controls various processes whichare associated with the expenditure of energy. A long boneyshelf forms the stem of the Y; this stem separates the scala vestibuli fromthe scala tympani. Exercise increases cardiac output(CO). Only when thesephysiologic needs are met, can the athlete perform optimally. Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. This area--which is located in the reticular formation of thebrainstem--contains the medullary rhythmicity area. The axons of theganglion cells eventually exit the eyeball as the optic nerve. The middle ear consists of a small, air-filled cavity containingthree tiny bones. As the football player'slevel of ventilation increases, impulses from the inspiratory area activatethe expiratory area. The cochlea is subdivided internally into three longitudinalcompartments. A cross section of these three channels shows that thepartitions have a "Y" shape (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494). This general response may beactivated by, for example, the physical exertion or excitement associatedwith punting a football. Thesebones move the oval window and create fluid pressure waves within thecochlea. When these muscles contract, inspirationoccurs. They include the rod cells and the cone cells. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergencies.The various physiological phenomena caused by the sympathetic stimulationare known as the fight-or-flight reaction. Proprioceptors in the athlete's joints and musclesinitially stimulate the inspiratory area. In order for this oxygen to become availableto the athlete's tissues, however, similar physiological adjustments mustbe made by the cardiovascular system. These neurons maybe subdivided into the somatic nervous and autonomic nervous systems. The sound waves received by a football player result from the"alternate compression and decompression of air molecules (Tortora &Grabowski 487-494)." This energy is directed into the external auditorycanal where it strikes the tympanic membrane. Then, when the inspiratory muscles relax, expiration resultsthrough passive elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall. The CNS includes the brain and spinalcord. Thisendolymph-filled compartment contains the spiral organ--or organ of Corti--and its hair cells (Eckert 195). This gives a CO of about 5.25 liters per minute. Punting A Football: The Anatomy and Physiology Complex physical endeavors generally require the coordinatedfunctioning of numerous organs and organ systems. In addition, upper motor neurons can synapse either directlywith a lower motor neuron, or via an intermediate association neuron. During quiet breathing, nerve impulses from the inspiratoryarea activate the muscles of inspiration. Output fromthe PNS occurs through the motor, or efferent neurons. Impulsesare first conducted to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; fromthere they travel to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.Visual signals may then be processed by a number of distinct systems. Suchanticipatory stimulation can come from the limbic system. Thelower motor neurons eventually exit the spinal cord via the anterior rootsof the spinal nerves and innervate the skeletal muscles. The phrenic nerves carry signalsto the diaphragm and the intercostal nerves conduct impulses to theexternal intercostal muscles. R. The malleus is attached to the tympanicmembrane and the incus. Then, with further physicalexertion, the expiratory neurons become active. One of the bony labyrinth's cavities is called thecochlea. Forexample, one system may process information about the shape of thefootball, while another analyzes its color or its position relative to thepunter's movement (Tortura & Grabowski 473-488). The incus is the intermediate bone; it articulateswith the stapes. These twodivisions function oppositely. Axons descending from the cortex mayfollow the pyramidal tracts' lateral corticospinal pathways. Persons engaged in strenuousexercise, however, may use up to 3 times that amount (Tortura & Grabowski75 -755). These bones are called the auditory ossicles and includethe malleus, incus, and stapes. The cerebral cortex is responsible for voluntarymuscular movements. The stapes' footplate fits into the oval window.Directly below the membrane covered oval window is yet another openingknown as the round window (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494). From the photoreceptors, signals flow to thebipolar cells, and then on to the ganglion cells. Its various characteristics include thefollowing: (1) dilation of the pupils; (2) rapid breathing; and (3) anincrease in heart rate and force of contraction (Tortura & Grabowski 5 3-513). Dilation of the pupil allows more light to enter the eyeball. Eachof these systems may have its own function (Bülthoff et al. Obviously, even the simple act of kicking a football requiresnumerous physiological adjustments. J.; Grabowski, S. Works CitedBülthoff, H. Y.; Tarr, M. New York, NY: W. These fibers extend from themedulla into the spinal cord to synapse with cardiac accelerator nerves(Tortura & Grabowski 6 8-612). Respiration is controlled by a CNS region known as the respiratorycenter. The scala vestibuli ends at the oval window; whereasthe scala tympani ends at the round window. At the apex of the opening,the two perilymph-containing compartments are joined via the helicotrema.Between the membranous wings of the cochlea's Y lies the scala media. Thisultimately produces nerve impulses in the cochlear nerve fibers. Respiratory control in a punter kicking a football, however, followsa different pattern. Duringexercise though, both heart rate and stroke volume can double, thus givinga fourfold increase in cardiac output (Tortura & Grabowski 6 8-612). The motor portionof the ANS includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Once movementbegins, proprioceptors in the muscles further stimulate the cardiovascularcenter. Slight pressure fluctuations of the endolymph then cause thespiral organ's hair cells to move against the tectorial membrane. "Heart Rate Variability in Health and Disease." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health 21 (1995, April): 85-95.Tortora, G. At rest, a typical adult mayhave stroke volume of 7 milliliters per beat and a heart rate of 75 beatsper minute. Later adjustments can also derive from chemoreceptors andbaroreceptors. The iris has adonut shape; its hole comprises the pupil. As the tympanic membranevibrates, it causes movement of the malleus, incus, and stapes. In contrast, theautonomic nervous system (ANS) is involuntary in nature. J. Third Edition. The eye's nonvascular lens istransparent. The basal ends of the hair cellssynapse with the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (Tortora &Grabowski 487-494). New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers; 1989.----------------------- 9 These axonsterminate in either cranial nerve nuclei or in the spinal cord's anteriorgray horn. 85). The rod cellsprovide black-and-white vision; while the cone cells impart color visionand high visual acuity. Regardless oftheir exact pathway though, motor neuron signals do eventually cause legmuscle contraction, and thereby make a punter's kick possible (Tortura &Grabowski 454-455). H. Its threelayers include the photoreceptor layer, the bipolar cell layer, and theganglion cell layer. The outer fibrous tunic contains the transparent cornea.Suspended between the cornea and the lens is the iris. This stimulation eventually causes contraction of theinternal intercostals and abdominal muscles, resulting in forced expiration(Tortura & Grabowski 75 -755). In addition to pupil dilation, the sympathetic nervous system alsoincreases the respiratory rate. Thetypical adult eyeball measures about 1 inch in diameter and lies recessedwithin a boney orbit. The process of hearing requires several different anatomicstructures. The photoreceptors convert light energy into receptorpotentials. These signals areconducted first to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla, and then to themidbrain and thalamus. Theexternal ear gathers sound waves and focuses them inward (Tortora &Grabowski 487-494). Finally, general somatic efferent neurons control the leg muscleswhich kick the football. Themotor component of the somatic nervous system conducts impulses to theskeletal muscles and is under voluntary control. Their stimulation inevitablyincreases both heart rate and cardiac muscle contractility (Tortura &Grabowski 6 8-612). The iris regulates the amountof light which enters the eyeball. This region containsboth the inspiratory and expiratory areas and controls the rhythm ofrespiration. This tapered tube is coiled like the shell of a snail (Eckert195). The lens fine-tunes the light rays which enter the eye(Tortura & Grabowski 473-488). An increase respiratory rate would certainly increase the amount ofoxygen available to the body. Nervous control of the cardiovascular system derives from themedulla's cardiovascular center. Such adjustments provide for the increasedmetabolic requirements associated with exertion. Thestructure can be subdivided into an outer bony labyrinth and an innermembranous labyrinth. When each component part is analyzedindividually, the process appears quite complex. The CNS is connected to the rest of the body by the PNS. The inner ear consists of a complicated series of canals. These include the external, middle, and inner ear structures.The external ear consists of a flap of elastic cartilage known as theauricle, the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane.
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