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LONG-HORNED SCULPIN.
Term Paper ID:22650
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Essay Subject:
Biology of seafloor-dwelling fish. Size, features, color, reproduction.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Biology of seafloor-dwelling fish. Size, features, color, reproduction.
Paper Introduction:
The Long-Horned Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus)
The sculpins, or cottids, are a widespread family. The fish live near the sea floor. Perhaps they are most easily recognized by their eyes. These are large, and placed high on the head. To some, the cottids may appear strange-looking, or even ugly. Nonetheless, the fish are important ecologically. The long-horned variety, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, is an unremarkable sculpin.
Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus belongs to the phylum Chordata, the subphylum Vertebrata, and the superclass Gnathostomata. A ray-finned fish, M. octodecimspinosus is also a member of the class Actinopterygii. The species further belongs in the division Teleostei, the subdivision Euteleostei, the superorder Acanthopterygii, and the order Scorpaeniformes (Nelson
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Similarly, Khan (1991) showed that crude oil-contaminated sedimenthad minimal effects on M. A.; Neverman, D. The fish also had decreasedlymphocyte levels. "Multiple Predator Effects: Predicting Combined Functional Response of Stream Fish and Invertebrate Predators." Ecology 74 (1993): 219-225.Wurtsbaugh, W. Within this group of fish, M. Such adaptations have made teleosts the most successful fish group sincethey began to radiate in the Cretaceous. Furthermore, digenetic trematodes can infect thesculpin intestinal tract (Khan 63-69). Kiceniukand associates (1982) found that water soluble fractions of Venezuelancrude oil have a minor effect on sculpin hematology. 189-191). W.; Khan, R. Thespecies further belongs in the division Teleostei, the subdivisionEuteleostei, the superorder Acanthopterygii, and the order Scorpaeniformes(Nelson 19-322). The body may be blotched,scrawled, mottled, or spotted. Additionally, humans canbe considered a sculpin enemy. Trichodinids mayparasitize sculpin gills. This could indicate that exposure to crude oil resultedin immunosuppression. In addition, littoralzone fish may be exposed to a variety of other urban and industrial wastes(Khan 63-69). In the few sculpin groups where fertilization isinternal, there is a single copulatory organ modified from the anal fin(Herald, Living Fishes of the World 1-248). Different types of cottidspawn in the winter, spring, or during cool boreal summers. Based on anecdotal evidence, it appears that fish exposed topollutants are less tolerant of environmental changes. Members of the superorder Acanthopterygii have protrusible jaws. It essentially involves pectoral-pelvic girdlevibration. Environmental pollution may also threaten sculpin. A few marine species alsolive in the Southern Hemisphere (i.e., eastern Australia, the Kai islandswest of New Guinea, and New Zealand) (Nelson 322-324). Their large mouth will admit rather sizable prey. Sculpin color is rather variable. Moreover, M.octodecimspinosus behavior varies with the seasons also. Honolulu, HI: The University Press of Hawaii, 1973.Graham, M. These are large, and placed high on the head. The sculpins are actually quite highly evolved. To some, the cottids mayappear strange-looking, or even ugly. They can also regulate their urinary pH over a wide range(6.1 to 7.8) (Maren et al. 133-141). Theprotrusible jaw makes the sculpin an efficient predator. In acidosis, the fish excretes about25 percent of its hydrogen ion load through its kidneys, and about 75percent through its gills. They eat avariety of benthic invertebrates and fishes (Soluk 219-225). These tiny organisms have littlecontrol over their destiny. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.Rohde, K.; Heap, M.; Heap, D. Sculpin courtship behavior may involve vocalization (Bone et al. B.; Blaxter, J. The firstdorsal fin is short-based, whereas the second is long-based. The larvae comprise that component ofzooplankton known as ichthyoplankton. H. The structure extendslongitudinally across the cheek and attaches to the preoperculum (Gosline167-168). Various studies haveattempted to identify the effects of such pollution (Khan 63-69). A. "Post-Feeding Thermotaxis and Daily Vertical Migration in a Larval Fish." Nature 11 (1988, June 3 ): 846- 847.----------------------- 12 The long-horned sculpin is native to the north Atlantic seaboard(Claiborne et al. Various highly advanced features have beenresponsible for this group's adaptive success. "High Concentrations of Methemoglobin in Five Species of Temperate Marine Teleosts." The Journal of Experimental Zoology 239 (1986): 139-142.Herald, E. Biology of Fishes. S. The jaw movesforward as the mandible is lowered. "Mechanism of Sound Production in the Sculpin." Science 124 (1956, August 3): 219-22 .Bone, Q.; Marshall, N. octodecimspinosus is grouped withthe suborder Cottoidei, the superfamily Cottoidea, and, finally, the familyCottidae (Nelson 19-322). 435-438). octodecimspinosus are typically about 36 centimeters (Khan 63-69). In M. New York, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1972.Jenkins, R. octodecimspinosus is not even all that unusual. H.; Edelhauser, H. The cottids evolved some time after the emergence of teleost fish.For instance, Berra (1981) has identified fossil cottids in Belgium. The incubation period for sculpin eggs is fairly short (a few weeks)(Jenkins & Burkhead 625-627). These arewidely distributed in both salt and fresh waters from north temperate toArctic regions (Jenkins & Burkhead 625-627). The long-horned variety, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, isan unremarkable sculpin. This microorganism--which has been reported toinduce irreversible blood changes in young Atlantic cod--can enter thebloodstream of sculpins via infected leeches. Although the largest sculpin may grow to about 78 centimeters (e.g.,Scorpaenichthys marmoratus), the long-horned sculpin is much smaller.Adult M. There are about 7 cottid genera and roughly 3 species. This contaminantis discarded continually from bilges and tankers. Inaddition, the order Scorpaeniformes includes the "mail-cheeked" fishes(Nelson 3 8). "Rapoport's Rule Does Not Apply to Marine Teleosts and Cannot Explain Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness." The American Naturalist 142 (July 1993): 1-16."Salty Homebody." Newsweek 42 (1953, July 27): 42.Soluk, D. Nonetheless, the fish are importantecologically. F49-F55). B.; Walton, J. 81). Teleost fish aroseapproximately 2 to 22 million years ago during the middle or lateTriassic (Nelson 89). It may be that pollution weakens these fish byincreasing their susceptibility to opportunistic organisms. M. Fishes of North America. Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus often inhabits areas adjacent towharves and fish-processing plants. F.; Stern, M. The femaletypically lays all of her ova at once. 164). For example, electricalstimulation of the teleost midbrain tegmentum elicits coordinated swimmingmovements. H. 22-23)." Sculpinshave an anteriorly rounded body that tapers to a somewhat compressed caudalpeduncle. A.; Barrett, M.; Campbell, J. In contrast, during alkalosis, the renalresponse to rising pH is insignificant; rather, the fish has a veryeffective carbonic anhydrase-dependent branchial response. Fishes of the World. "Renal Acid-Base Physiology in Marine Teleost, the Long-Horned Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus). Natural enemies of the cottids include larger fish species.Moreover, sculpin are known to be cannibalistic. R.; Rothman, D. "Trypanosoma murmanensis: Its Effects on the Longhorn Sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus. It may also be slightly iridescent. During the winter months, however, M.octodecimspinosus are very docile (Graham & Fletcher 139-142). B.; Mowbray, W. London, UK: Hamish Hamilton, 1961.Herald, E. In fact, Khan and associates(198 ) observed remarkable similarities "in the blood picture" between T.murmanensis infected sculpins and small Atlantic cod (Khan et al. Fish (1954) describes a possible sound-producing mechanism in M.octodecimspinosus. Sculpins lie on ornear the bottom, and ambush approaching prey. Among thedifferent types of fish, such physiologic capabilities are consideredhighly advanced (Maren et al. S.; Compton-McCullough, D. The teleost fishalso have a cornea which is similar to that of mammalian species (Geroskiet al. This dispersal has enabled sculpin to exploitlarger areas of suitable adult habitats. A ray-finned fish,M. S.; Fletcher, G. Moreover, they may weigh between 45 to 7 grams (Kiceniuk et al. The pectoral girdle motions are thought toproduce sound vibrations in the water surrounding the fish (Barber &Mowbray 219-22 ) In general, sculpins spawn once a year. In addition to Trypanosoma murmanensis, other pathogenicmicroorganisms that may infect M. The long-horned sculpin is susceptible to a variety of disease-causing microorganisms. Cottids usually have a large broad head and a large terminal mouth.The fishes' eyes are mounted on top of their heads. Sculpins slowly ease up to their prey. Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus belongs to the phylum Chordata, thesubphylum Vertebrata, and the superclass Gnathostomata. These are rendered buoyant by ensuring that the soluteconcentrations within the yolks are maintained osmotically below that ofthe ambient sea water. In such areas, it can feed ondiscarded offal. Thesedate back to between 25 and 36 million years ago (Jenkins & Burkhead 625-627). For example, they appear to be "euryhaline (Claiborne et al.87)." They can survive in tanks containing only 2 percent sea water forseveral weeks. This then makes the eggs less dense than the seawater. However, the studyalso observed that trypanosomes appeared to "potentiate the effect of oilon blood hemoglobin content of trypanosome-infected fish (Kiceniuk et al.435-438)." A decrease in oxygen carrying capacity caused by reducedhemoglobin combined with gill damage could possibly limit the fishes'aerobic capacity. Members of the family Cottidae have two dorsal fins. Small fish or crustaceans may consider themselves out of range. Thefish can change color to blend in with their surroundings ("Salty" 67).Hence, this "motley" group may match the shade of the substrate (Jenkins &Burkhead 625). millimeter in diameter andfloat. They employ theseismosensory receptors of their lateral line system to locate movingorganisms. 359-36 )." While the cod exhibit higher parasitemias, the sculpin demonstratepersistent anemia. L. The fish may also be attacked by Myxozoa (Myxidiumincurvatum/oviforme), Monogenea (Gyrodactylus spp.), Nematoda (Anisakissp., Contracaecum sp.), Acanthocephala (Echniorhynchus sp.) and Hirudinea(Malmiana brunnea and Oceanobdella microstoma). In the absence of erythrophagocytosis, this anemia maybe "attributed to lytic substances released either directly or indirectlyby the parasite" (Khan et al. It is a littoral fish (Khan et al. A. In temperate regions, ocean temperatures may vary quite significantlywith the seasons. 359-36 ). 435-438). One of the mostcommon pollutants in coastal marine areas is petroleum. Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus is not a very attractive fish.Furthermore, M. For example, one important developmenthas been the emergence and retention of protrusible jaws (Bone et al. octodecimspinosus include hematozoa andectoparasites. H.; Fine, A.; Swenson, E. Sculpins collectedfrom habitats located near petroleum refineries, pulp mills, or papermills, survive less well in captivity than those taken from apparentlyunpolluted areas. It is justan average-sized fish that waits in shallow water for something to eat.Despite its lack of distinction though, the long-horned sculpin is stillimportant. Various studies have suggested that certainpollutants can elevate cortisol levels, suppress lymphocyte production, andinevitably impair defense systems (Khan 63-69). Their food is found either within the sediments orimmediately above them (Wurtsbaugh & Neverman 846). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 16 (198 , July): 359-36 .Khan, R. 189-191). octodecimspinosus, this spineis prominent (Herald, Living Fishes of the World 248-249). 359-36 ).According to Liem & Scott (1966), it lives on or slightly above thesubstrate in inshore waters (Graham & Fletcher 139-142). A. Living Fishes of the World. S. Works CitedBarber, S. Bilateral contractions of the deep cranioclavicular musclesresult in periodic movements of the pectoral girdle. New York, NY: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1995.Claiborne, J. Prey areultimately ingested through inertial suction (Bone et al. The fish are mostactive in the summer. Marine sculpin eggs are typically liberated into the pelagic zone.Although they may experience high mortality, the eggs are also widelydistributed by currents. The fish livenear the sea floor. Inaddition, there was an increase of melanomacrophage centers in the spleen,suggesting cytotoxic erythrocyte destruction. Freshwater Fishes of Virginia. 36). Fertilization of the eggs isusually external. For example, the fish can be infected byTrypanosoma murmanensis. In the absence ofantagonistic muscles, return movement derives from pectoral-girdlearticulation elasticity. The sculpin body is never completely encased in heavy bonyarmor; rather it often appears naked with scales or prickles. Finally, the cottid pectoral fins are large, fan-shaped, andlateral on the body (Herald, Fishes of North America 227-23 ). octodecimspinosus is also a member of the class Actinopterygii. Bethesda, ML: American Fisheries Society, 1993.Khan, R. Unfortunately though, discarded crude oil can contaminateand persist in sediment for long periods of time. This suggests that they may have a mesencephalic locomotorregion similar to certain mammals (Bone et al. The fishes' caudal fin may beeither broad, rounded, or truncate. As an opportunistic scavenger and predator, it plays ameaningful role in the marine ecosystem. The two finsmay be either slightly separate or united. Teleost skeletal elements are well calcified, but are "lightened bybeing built from a scaffolding of struts (Bone et al. Teleost species far exceed thoseof any other fish group--or any other kind of vertebrate for that matter.Indeed, the diverse division includes 96 percent of living fishes (Bone etal. Functional Morphology and Classification of Teleostean Fishes. American Journal of Physiology 263 (1992, July): F49-F55.Nelson, J. 22-23). Sharp spines aretypically present on the preopercles. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28 (1982): 435- 438.Maren, T. "Effect of Oil-Contaminated Sediment on the Longhorn Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) Following Chronic Exposure." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47 (1991, July): 63-69.Kiceniuk, J. Most cottids arescaleless or partially scaled, marine bottom-dwelling fish (Herald, LivingFishes of the World 248-249). For instance, Icelandic waters can range from ?C inFebruary to 1 ?C in August (Bone et al. 284-285). Laboratorylong-horned sculpins can be fed capelin (Mallotus villosus) (Kiceniuk etal. Marine eggs are about 1. A.; Dawe, M.; Williams, U. "Examination of Interaction of Trypanosome Infection and Crude Oil Exposure on Hematology of the Longhorn Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus). Although the fish is rather odd-looking,its meat is edible. Moreover, their pelvic fin is smalland thoracic. Third Edition. S. 1-16). Sculpins are generally regarded as opportunistic feeders. Fecundity among sculpin isrelatively low. E.; Burkhead, N. As with their buoyant eggs, marine sculpinlarvae are also dispersed by ocean currents (Bone et al. S. Perhaps they are most easily recognized by their eyes. "Comparative Studies of Glucose Metabolism in Corneas of the Dogfish Shark, Longhorn Sculpin and Rainbow Trout." Experimental Eye Research 32 (1981): 133-141.Gosline, W. E. These fish have a characteristic posterior extension oftheir third infraorbital bone, the suborbital stay. Sculpin additionally exhibit certain remarkable physiologiccapabilities. As with other marine teleosts, the fish may berestricted within its range to small patches having favorable conditions(Rohde et al. 166). The Long-Horned Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus) The sculpins, or cottids, are a widespread family. F49-F55). "Acid-Base Regulation, Branchial Transfers and Renal Output in a Marine Teleost Fish (The Long-Horned Sculpin Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus) During Exposure to Low Salinities." Journal of Experimental Biology 193 (1994): 79-95.Geroski, D. However, the fish did show lesions on their gills. Finally, teleost evolution has resulted in anincreasingly complex jaw apparatus. octodecimspinosus organs, hemoglobin, hematocrit,and overall health. Thesculpin's jaw system then shoots forward, and engulfs the food.
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