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JAPANESE-AMER.
Term Paper ID:23020
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Essay Subject:
History of Japanese immigration, occupations, economics, quotas, gender issues, social contributions. Tables.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
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Paper Abstract:
History of Japanese immigration, occupations, economics, quotas, gender issues, social contributions. Tables.
Paper Introduction:
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES
Introduction
This research examines the Japanese American segment of the population of the United States. The findings of this research are presented in three separate topical discussions. The immigration history of the Japanese to the United States is examined in the first discussion, while the demography of Japanese Americans are examined in the second discussion, and contributions by Japanese Americans to American society are reviewed in the third discussion.
Japanese Immigration to the United States
There is no record of Japanese immigration to the United States prior to 18
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A different mirror. 494-5 3) With the exclusion of Chinese immigrants, California businesses turned toJapan for "a much-needed and, at that time, very welcome labour supply"(Hedges, 1939, pp. The findings of this research are presented in threeseparate topical discussions. Californians agitated for discriminatory legislation at the federallevel that would exclude Japanese immigration to the United States (Spinks,1938, p. (1995). 192).Table 5Nativity of Japanese Americans in the United States: 19 -194 (PercentForeign Born/Native Born)________________________________________________________________Year Foreign Born__ Native Born __192 73.4% 26.6%193 5 .8% 49.2%194 37.3% 62.7% [Source: Daniels, 1988, pp. The immigration history of the Japanese tothe United States is examined in the first discussion, while the demographyof Japanese Americans are examined in the second discussion, andcontributions by Japanese Americans to American society are reviewed in thethird discussion. Anti-Japanism in the United States.Contemporary Japan, 8, 494-5 3. 168]________________________________________________________________Table 7Proportion of Population Below Income Poverty Level: Japanese AmericansCompared to Other Ethnics Groups________________________________________________________________Ethnic Population Group Proportion Below Income Poverty Level _1993_ _1979_European Americans 11.6% 7. L., & Daniels, R. 3 7]________________________________________________________________ This female dominated immigration in the 195 s continued the trend inthe Japanese American population component toward gender balance. Inui, K. JapaneseAmericans have the lowest poverty rate among the ethnic groups in theAmerican population. H. 169]________________________________________________________________ References Bureau of the Census. 417). As late as 195 , almost one-third of Japanese Americans worked infarming occupations (Daniels, 1988, p. %Operatives/Laborers 1 .1%Service 12.8% [Source: Kitano & Daniels, 1988, p. N. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Japanese Immigration to the United States There is no record of Japanese immigration to the United States priorto 1861 (Daniels, 1992, pp. (1988). Divisions within the American population withrespect to excluding Japanese immigrants resulted in the adoption of quotasfor Japanese immigration in the Immigration Act of 1924 in lieu of actuallyexcluding Japanese from immigrating to the United States. JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Introduction This research examines the Japanese American segment of the populationof the United States. (1993). This contribution is all the more noteworthybecause formal and advanced education for Japanese Americans wasdiscouraged by the larger American society for decades. Employment patterns for Japanese Americans aresummarized in Table 6, which may be found on page 9. Seattle: University of WashingtonPress. (1939, June). The formation of American public opiniontoward Japan. [Source: Daniels, 1988, pp. 115, 289, 322, 325; Kitano & Daniels, pp. As the data presented in Table 1 also indicate, Japanese immigrationto the United States remained low until the beginning of the 195 s. "California was awhite man's society, and it wanted to stay that way. H. As expected, theracist immigration legislation enraged the Japanese nation. 617). 617). As the data presented in the table indicate, this proportion hasalways been quite low. 617). Daniels, R. 3 6]________________________________________________________________a storm of protest in that state, and President Theodore Rooseveltdispatched the "entire American fleet to Japan to 'silence' the Japaneseand appease the vociferous Californians" (Inui, 1941, p. (1988). Summary This research examined the Japanese American segment of the populationof the United States. East to America: A history ofthe Japanese in the United States. Late in the nineteenth century, the United States legislated theChinese Exclusion Act to close American doors to Chinese coolie labor andprotect poor California from the "Yellow Peril" (Hedges, 1939, pp. Native-born dominance has become greater in subsequent decades.Table 4Japanese Americans in the United States: 19 -199 (number and populationproportion)*________________________________________________________________Year United States__ Pacific Coast__ California____19 24,326 ( . (1989). (1938, March). Takaki, R. 169). A., & Hosokawa, B. (1941, February). 11; Wilson & Hosokawa, 198 , p. Wilson, R. Takaki, R. History Teacher, 25(4), 427-441. %African Americans 33.3% 26.5%Hispanic Americans 29.3% 21.3%Japanese Americans 3.8% 4.2%Chinese Americans 9. Light, I. Spinks, C. As the datapresented in the table indicate, Japanese immigration to the United Statesdeclined dramatically following the virtual exclusion of immigrants fromJapan subsequent to the Immigration Act of 1924. (1996, January-February). As thedata presented in Table 3, which may be found below on this page, indicate,the Japanese American population has been dominantly male prior to 195 .Table 3Sex Ratios of Japanese Americans in the Contiguous United States andHawaii: 19 -194 (Male/Female)________________________________________________________________Year California __ Hawaii __ _Other 47 States_19 94.5%/ 5.4% 77.7%/22.3% 97.1%/ 2.9%191 84.9%/15.1% 68.8%/31.2% 9 .8%/ 9.2%192 63.1%/36.9% 57.3%/42.7% 69.9%/3 .1%193 57.9%/42.1% 53.7%/46.3% 61.1%/38.9%194 56.1%/43.9% 52.5%/47.5% 58.4%/41.6% [Source: Daniels, 1988, p. 265-266). %1954 4, 62 83.1% 16.9%1955 4,143 82.9% 17.1%1956 5,622 76.1% 23.9%1957 6,122 87.5% 12.5%1958 6,427 86.5% 13.5%1959 6, 93 86.7% 13.3%196 5,636 85.9% 14.1% [Source: Daniels, 1988, p. 162, 2 2-2 3]________________________________________________________________ Most Japanese Americans are employed in professional, managerial, ortechnical sales positions. Boston: Little, Brown andCompany. The immigration history of the Japanese to theUnited States and the demography of Japanese Americans were examined, andcontributions by Japanese Americans to American society were reviewed.Table 6Occupations of Japanese Americans in the United States________________________________________________________________Occupational Group______ Proportion__Professional/Managerial 28.5%Farm 4.4%Sales-Technical 34.2%Technical-Skilled 1 . Chinese and Japanese as urban Americans: 185 -194 . 157). As evidencedby the data presented in Table 7, which may be found on page 1 . Hedges, F. Asian Americans: EmergingMinorities. Statistical abstract of the UnitedStates 1995. This subtledifference did not fool the Japanese public who deeply resented Americanattitudes and the American action in legislating the Immigration Act of1924 (Spinks, 1938, p. When debating the racially motivated exclusion of Asian immigrants in1912, the United States Congress had to decide whether California's loudlyproclaimed racial and cultural interest in Japanese exclusion was worthantagonizing the Japanese Empire (Light, 1996, p. Washington: U.S. Thisshift is illustrated by the data presented in Table 5, which may be foundon page 8. Atthat time, a high proportion of Japanese women began immigrating to theUnited States, most of whom for a period of 1 years were the brides ofAmerican soldiers (Takaki,, 1989, p. 494-5 3) As the Japanese population on the AmericanWest Coast increased through labor immigration, economic competitionincreased between the Japanese immigrants, immigrant settlers from Europe,and native born Americans. Immigration data for the 1861-1993period are presented in Table 1, which may be found on page 3. 617). Government Printing Office. The primary sites of American resentmentagainst the Japanese were those locations where Japanese immigrantssettled, with most of the rest of the country either uninterested in theissue or opposed to the California calls for exclusion of the Japanese(Spinks, 1938, p. Nationalism and anti-immigrantmovements. % 1 .5%Korean Americans 11.8% 13.1%Filipino Americans 5.7% 6.2%Vietnamese Americans 28.2% 35.1% [Source: Bureau of the Census, 1995, pp. By 19 6, Japanese immigration to California wassufficient to causeTable 1Japanese Immigration to United States: 1861-1993________________________________________________________________Decade___ Total Number__1861-187 1861871-188 1491881-189 2,27 1891-19 25,94219 1-191 129,7971911-192 83,8371921-193 33,4621931-194 1,9481941-195 1,5551951-196 45,5341961-197 4 ,1641971-198 47,9651981-199 43,2431991-1993 23,442 [Source: Bureau of the Census, 1995, p. American public opinion toward Japan.Contemporary Japan, 1 , 149-16 . The movement for Japanese exclusion was supported byAmerican labor organizations and by nationalist organizations in thecountry (Spinks, 1938, p. 9%) 112,353 (1.2 %) 93,717 (1.4 %)195 141,768 ( . 9%) 98,31 ( .95%) 84,956 (1.1 %)196 353,7 7 ( .2 %) 284, 27 (1.4 %) 261,3 5 (1.66%)197 * 591, 2 ( .29%) 295,51 (1.16%) 264,481 (1.32%)198 716,331 ( .32%) 3 5,783 ( .97%) 268,814 (1.13%)199 847,962 ( .34%) 33 ,7 5 ( .88%) 272, 98 ( .91%) * First census data to include Hawaii-197 . 617). 161). Boston: Little,Brown and Company. 127]________________________________________________________________ Japanese Americans: Demography The proportion of Japanese Americans in the total population of theUnited States is presented in Table 4, which may be found on the followingpage. Society, 33(2), 58-63. % 8. This action was the quota applied toJapanese immigration to the United States that was included in theImmigration Act of 1924 (Spinks, 1938, p. 6 ). The proportion of foreign-born to native-born Japanese Americansshifted toward a predominance for native-born between 193 and 194 . In effect, the five years ofdeliberations that preceded this legislation determined that ethno-culturaland phenotypical continuity in California were more important to nationalinterest than were affronts to the Japanese Empire. 8%) 57,7 3 (1.4 %) 41,356 (1.7 %)192 111, 1 ( .1 %) 94,49 (1.7 %) 71,952 (2.1 %)193 138,834 ( .11%) 119,892 (1.5 %) 97,456 (1.7 %)194 126,948 ( . 153, 156]________________________________________________________________ Societal Contributions By Japanese Americans An important contribution by Japanese Americans to society is theemphasis placed on education within the Japanese American community(Takaki, 1993, pp. New York: William Morrow and Company,Inc. 3%) 18,269 ( .7 %) 1 ,151 ( .6 %)191 72,157 ( . S. 11 -111; Kitano & Daniels, 1988, p. Asian America. In the mid-193 s, themajority of Japanese Americans were employed in farm jobs (Daniels, 1988,p. 427-441). Immigration data by gender arepresented in Table 2, which may be found below on this page.Table 2Japanese Immigration to United States: 195 -196 ________________________________________________________________Year Total Number__ Proportion Female _Proportion Male_195 45 64.4% 35.6%1951 2 6 78.2% 21.8%1952 4,734 96.8% 3.2%1953 2,489 92. Daniels, R. Kitano, H. (198 ). Congress overrodeWilson's veto in 1917, writing into law the Immigration Act of 5 February1917, which first created an Asian "barred zone" from which immigration tothe United States was prohibited. Contemporary Japan, 6, 616-622. Another important contribution is the economic advancements developedby the Japanese Americans (Kitano & Daniels, 1988, p. (1992). President Taft didnot think that California's racial purity was compensation enough forantagonizing the Japanese, so he vetoed the bill." Undeterred, and underpressure from racist voters in California, Congress passed a moreexclusionary immigration bill in 1916, but President Wilson vetoed it forthe same foreign policy reason as had President Taft. An even moreoffensive action occurred in 1924. Strangers from a different shore.
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