|
| |
COLUMBINE.
Term Paper ID:24034
|
|
|
Essay Subject:
Examines North Amer. wildflower. Classification, structure, pollination, fruit, leaves, variety.... More...
|
5 Pages / 1125 Words
5 sources, 8 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$20.00
Return to List of Papers
|
Paper Abstract:
Examines North Amer. wildflower. Classification, structure, pollination, fruit, leaves, variety.
Paper Introduction:
A discussion of the columbine, a North American wildflower, will provide some background information on the plant's flowers, reproductive aspects, cellular appearance, root system, and diversity. The common and scientific names for the plant were first given in reference to the European species of columbine. This is especially true in the use of Aquiligia. It means "eagle," and refers to the spurs of the flowers, which are bent at their tips like the talons of an eagle. A charming description of the flower is in the common name, columbine, which comes from columba, meaning "dove"; the five petals resemble five doves drinking at a dish.
Columbines are in the genus Aquilegia, which is in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. The U.S. native wild columbine in the East, A. candenensis, can be recognized by its red and
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
Each of the five petals is shaped like a coneand is called a spur. Theirleaves are net-veined. [viii]Ibid.----------------------- 1 Southwest, each comes bedecked in different attire. It is found in vascular bundles between the xylem and phloem andalso between vascular bundles. The two popularones that grow in the Rocky Mountains are Colorado columbine, A. The egg is laid on the underside of the leaf, and the tinyfly larva bores into the leaf and then eats only between the layers of theleaf. Pennisi, "Columbines: So Different, Yet So Much Alike,"Science News 28 May 1994, 342. The U.S. A charming descriptionof the flower is in the common name, columbine, which comes from columba,meaning "dove"; the five petals resemble five doves drinking at a dish. Each tube contains many small, dark seeds, which disperse in thewind. Europe has no hummingbirds;thus, the flower is adapted to bees, using their favorite color (blue) andshort spurs that enable them to reach the nectar. When it is mature, it leaves the leaf andpupates in the soil. The openings of thespurs are a brilliant yellow inside this species. One of Colorado's columbinesgreets moth pollinators with upturned yellow petals and spurs; another isblue and white. Columbines are in the genus Aquilegia, which is in the buttercupfamily, Ranunculaceae. Dicotflowers, like those of the columbine, usually bear sepals and petals ingroups of fours or fives. The sepals of the flowerproject from between each of the spurs, also red and yellow. chrysanthana,which grows to three feet tall and has stunning yellow, long-spurredflowers. A greater diversity of pollinationmethods corresponds to the diversity found within the columbine. Division of its cells produces additionalxylem and phloem cells in secondary thickening. Holes can often be seen in the top of the spurs.The flower of the wild columbine contains the following parts: nectar(produced in the flower's nectaries, located in such a position thatinsects will have to brush against the stamens and stigmas in order toaccess the nectar, a sucrose-containing attractant); spurs, or petals(slender, hollow projections of the petals, often containing nectar);stigmas (female flowers, surfaces of carpel receptive to pollen grains);and stamens (male parts of flowers, consisting of filaments and pollen-producing anthers). In Europe, a purple-blue version with a particular stylishspur lures bumblebees. Stokes, A Guide to Enjoying Wildflowers (New York:Little, Brown, 1984), 121. caerulea,with blue or white two-inch flowers, and golden columbine, A. Plant Diversity: An Evolutionary Approach.Belmont: Wadsworth, 1969.Stokes, Donald W. The species also interbreed readily,suggesting that their genes are fairly compatible and that therefore theyshare a common ancestor.[vii] The significance of the above information is that the columbine hasbeen able to diversify on the basis of its inaccessible nectar, in manycases. The nectar may have provided the flower with the means for thisrapid diversification: "The color, shape, and length of the spur makes thenectar deep inside inaccessible to certain animals, enabling columbines tospecialize and consequently diversify based on what pollinates them."[viii] Endnotes Bibliography"Columbines: So Different, Yet So Much Alike." Science News28 May 1994, 342.Meeuse, Bastiaan. Blooming occursfrom midspring to early summer. The Sex Life of Flowers. Then, the flower, which has been pointingdown, tilts to an upright position. It means "eagle," and refers to the spurs of the flowers, whichare bent at their tips like the talons of an eagle. As the fruit develops, it is composedof five small tubes all clustered together, each tipped with a curledfilament. In late summer or fall, the new rosettesof leaves that will overwinter are grown. In the summer and fall, a new set of leaves is grown from the base ofthe plant. In terms of the fruit,columbine can be classified as a follicle dehiscent fruit, in which thefruit splits, or opens, in some manner to release the seeds. The common andscientific names for the plant were first given in reference to theEuropean species of columbine. It curls around and over itself in a widening fashion.The leaf gradually gets larger from its beginning to end. Wild columbine has long-tubed, bright-red flowers, well adapted to early-arriving hummingbirds--the red color attracts them and the long floraltubes keep the nectar reserved for the birds' long tongues. Scagel, Plant Diversity: An Evolutionary Approach(Belmont: Wadsworth, 1969), 4 3. Dicot flowers range from the primitive and multipartite, likethe columbine and red maple, to the simplified, like the cardinal flower,in which the petals as well as the stamens are partially joined. New York: Little,Brown, 1984.----------------------- [i]Donald W. [vi]E. They vary not only in color and how they point their blossoms, but also in the size and shape of their tubular petals called nectar spurs.[vi] Throughout North America, four or five kinds of columbines withdrooping red flowers attract hummingbirds. In columbine is cambium, a tissue consisting of actively dividingcells. Wild columbine has probably evolved to be pollinated by hummingbirds,as evidenced by its red color and long tubes with nectar, both commonfeatures of hummingbird-attracting flowers.[i] However, bees are alsoattracted to the flower, but since they cannot reach the nectar in thelong, narrow tubes, they land on top of the flower and poke a hole into thespur to sip the nectar. Munz, California Mountain Wildflowers (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1963), 66. Theauthor suggests that the plant has been around for a relatively long timebecause of its infinite variety. Often these have a very obvious little trail on them that islighter in color. [vii]Ibid. It overwinters as a rosette of leaves. Such is the symbiotic relationship of flies andcolumbines for part of their lifespans. The monocot stem is much simpler, often soft, with vascularbundles scattered at random. A number ofcolumbines are native to the western part of the country. This is especially true in the use ofAquiligia. In terms of seasonal growth, columbine is perennial; in other words,it survives from one year to the next by means of vegetative organs such ascorms or rhizomes. Dicot roots are generally woody. Columbine seeds are dicotyledons, or part of the class of floweringplants whose members have two seed leaves (cotyledons) in each seed. From the soaring peaks of the Himalayas to the deserts of the U.S. Referring to Aquilegiapubescens, Munz observes, "Each petal has a long, hollow, nectar-bearingspur, and thus attracts sphinx moths which do the pollinating."[iii] Apassage from another source refers to hawkmoths, silver-Y moths, and yuccamoths.[iv] Meeuse observes the following: Aquilegia pubescens, a pale-flowered columbine found in the Rocky Mountains at elevations up to 2,8 metres (9,2 ft.) is favoured by hawkmoths. [ii]Robert F. native wild columbine in the East, A.candenensis, can be recognized by its red and yellow flowers. These trails are created by the larvae ofsmall flies. The tips of the spurs point up and at their ends areswollen knobs--that is where the nectar is stored. The columbine feeds the fly and,in turn, gets pollinated by it. A discussion of the columbine, a North American wildflower, willprovide some background information on the plant's flowers, reproductiveaspects, cellular appearance, root system, and diversity. Fruits are matured in midsummer and laterare dispersed from the still-standing flowerstalks. In the Dicotyledonae, two cotyledons (seed leaves)are present in the seed, and the stem has a functioning cambium in mostspecies. California Mountain Wldflowers. The little blackspecks are its droppings. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1963.Scagel, Robert F. The flowers of the European columbine differ from the wild columbine. [iii]Philip A. In terms of pollination, Munz notes the contribution of the sphinxmoth, in addition to bees and hummingbirds. At first, thepetals fall off the flower. New York: Facts on File,1984.Munz, Philip A. Within the trailare also tiny black specks. [iv]Bastiaan Meeuse, The Sex Life of Flowers (New York: Facts onFile, 1984), 74. More leaves areproduced in early spring, and then the flowerstalks grow. In Siberia, flies pollinate a columbine with palegreen and brownish-purple petals. As the larva gets bigger, it makes a larger trail. [v]Ibid. These stalks die backand disintegrate in late summer. Others in the buttercup family that arecommonly grown in gardens include Anemone, Hepatica, Clematis, Trollius,Delphinium, and Aconitum. Many hybrid columbines are also available from nurseries in awide range of colors, with flowers from one-and-a-half to four inches wideand up to six inches long. Once the columbine has flowered, its fruits appear. At night, this montane environment may be even too cold for the versatile hawkmoth, and it is suspected that other important pollinating moths appear: various species of Plusia (silver-Y moths), and the small yucca moths.[v] A recent article offers an explanation for the apparently infinitevariety of the columbine worldwide: One of nature's more sharply dressed wildflowers, the columbine boasts of cousins worldwide. The columbine flower seems very complicated at first, but it can besimplified: the flower is suspended upside down, and the male and femaleparts hang out the bottom. Otherdehiscent fruits include peony (Paeonia), larkspur (Delphinium), andmilkweed (Asclepias).[ii] Basic differences of dicots and monocots show up not only in theleaves and seeds, but also in the stems, roots, and flowers. A Guide to Enjoying Wildflowers. The Europeancolumbine has blue flowers with short spurs. The columbine's root (dicot root) is a typicaltap root. The typicaldicot stem has a center core, the pith, where food is sometimes stored, awoody portion which contains the plant's plumbing system, the cortex, andthe bark.
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
Click here to request an essay written just for you.
|
|
|
