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CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS.
Term Paper ID:28233
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Essay Subject:
Discusses how non-sports related programs can be incorporated into education of high school & college athletes to prepare them for the business world. Importance, issues.... More...
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15 Pages / 3375 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses how non-sports related programs can be incorporated into education of high school & college athletes to prepare them for the business world. Importance, issues.
Paper Introduction:
This research examines the need for career-development programs to help athletes of high school and college age to develop their full potential as individuals outside the venue of sports. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which career-development programs have become an important issue and then to discuss how aspects of career development can be incorporated into the educational experience of young athletes and have relevance to the course of their entire lives.
A hard truth of the world of business that emerged in the late 20th century that the days of the 25-year gold watch are days of yore. This is the case even though the decade of the 1990s brought unprecedented prosperity of long duration to the industrial democracies, especially the USA. But in the midst of nearl
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Retrieved from the World Wide Web, 18 April 2 , athttp://www.nsee.org/. Asanitation worker? Educational failure has been especially hard on AfricanAmerican athletes, whose employability outside the competitive arenas hashistorically been problematic--whether because of racism or lack ofqualifications is irrelevant to the fact that a cogent career developmentstrategy could only help alleviate the situation. Farmer, H., & Others. Historically,girls have grown up expecting to play (or juggle) multiple roles--homemaker, mother, career woman--while boys' focus on career to theexclusion of equitable sharing of duties at home has historically hadsocial sanction. Using carefully designed models intended to identifycharacteristics of jobs that may be important to an individual, thecounselor and athlete would create a list of occupations that have thosecharacteristics, eliminating occupations that seem least suited to theindividual's realistic career expectations and ranking the occupations thatremain in order of preference. Clearing House, 65,69-7 . (1996, August 26). Shweder, R.A. In either case, the professionalsports career is sharply limited; the after-sports career will last alifetime, and for the vast majority of star athletes, that after-sportscareer begins when high school or college ends. A comparative longitudinal study, which began in 1978 and lasted intothe mid-199 s, tracked common career development issues experienced byfemales from their adolescence through adulthood found that women's careerexpectations were culturally determined in early life in that the wereencouraged above all to "be happy." Men's career expectations, on the otherhand, were specifically and programmatically encouraged, as in: Get goodgrades so you can get a good job (Farmer & Others, 1997). Kutner, L. (1984, October 12). 4).Rehab appears to have been a success, but no other team picked him up, andLeach never played professional ball again. Among the coreconclusions of this study was the view that better information about careerpaths should be provided by high school counselors and that elementaryschool years were not too early to focus on career planning. (1984, April 3 ). A professional athlete? The objective is to help the individualshape a realistic picture of what his or her options are. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. The training courses may not be offered free of charge, but some maybe subsidized and/or deductible. Erdman, A. (2 ). develop ourselves. Hattrup, K., Schmitt, N. DECA Home Page. However, this very process of discovery creates a challenge fororganizing what is discovered, which suggests a perpetual tension betweencontinuous identity and identity that is a consequence of encounter withexternal forces, whether individual or institutional. 21).Hoachlander (1992) advocates more integration between schools andbusinesses, which could offer real-world problems to students who are inany case looking for practical relevance to their educational efforts. Lamenting what he takesto be a general lack of social awareness and the implicit presence of asocial problem on the part of those who offer teenagers vocationalguidance, Kutner (1993) reports on the "half-baked" career goals ofteenagers, who as a group tend to aspire to working-life goals that arebound to be closed to all but a happy few. Conoley, C.W., Conoley, J.C., Ivey, D.C., Scheel, M.J. In the mid-198 s, there was a strong body of opinion that high schoolstudents lacked basic literacy skills, hence widespread advocacy forincreasing the academic-course load for all students, including those notintending to go to college. Practical involvement with an occupation is alsonecessary and indeed helpful, as the experience of the Houston Oilersstockbroker implies. Drucker's line of argument is consistent with human-developmentpsychological theory, which asserts that human nature shapes and is shapedby context, "undergoing transformation through participation in an evolvingintentional world that is the product of the mental representations thatmake it up" (Shweder, 199 , p. The New York Times, 142, B5. 41-4. The conceptual point driving this set ofaffairs is that the knowledge pool for the most employable of workers isfluid and is always open to being filled up again. Now some identities--for example, the identity of competitive athlete--can be forcefullyorganized, which means that any reassessment, reorganization, or evolutionof identity would need to be equally forceful if the evolving career is tobe satisfactory. The unrealistic careeraspirations, Kutner suggests, should be checked or at least brought moreinto line with the reality of what is required (e.g., education, training,experience, lots of hard work) to make any such dream become a reality. (1985). One method of incorporating existing programs into a career-development strategy for athletes would be to make efficient, athlete-specific, use of school counselors. Harvard BusinessReview, 77, 65-71. Then there are the stories of the professional athletes who have everyadvantage and perquisite of big-time sports and who throw it away becauseof behavior pathology. Fortune, 124, 14. To be sure,professional players may make a minimum-six-figure salary in big-timesports, but their career may span less than 1 years and may be cut offaltogether by physical injury (Branch, 1992). 6, 199 , after failing a drug test, he was suspended for 6 days and ordered to undergo rehabilitation. The fact that his run for president in 2 was not successfuldoes not necessarily argue career failure. Clinton, W.J. J., Soriano, B., & Gayle, M. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Thus a group orientation for ACT or SAT testing can beconducted, in a setting designed for that purpose. Similarly, in their discussion of so-called lifespan theory, Goodnow, Miller, and Kessel (1995, p. There are also reports of discipline-specificcareer days sponsored by outside organizations, as for example by medicalor architectural professionals (Tetlow, 1992; Grant & DesRosier, 1989). There seems no reason not to makea project of including athletes in the mix of vocational education, just asthey are meant to be included in the mix of academic education. Class act: What's hot in smallbusiness education and how you can help. Many high school athletes are college bound on account of their sportsskills, but all college-bound students are required to fulfill certain test-taking requirements. This research examines the need for career-development programs tohelp athletes of high school and college age to develop their fullpotential as individuals outside the venue of sports. Examples of the kinds of publications that may be usefulcorrectives for athletes who harbor unrealistic dreams of being drafted forthe pros would be the U.S. Clues to appropriate analyses of either college or occupationalaptitude tests are found in the literature (Sedlacek & Adams-Gaston, 1992;Hattrup, Schmitt, & Landis, 1992). (199 ). LaFranchi, H. Madison Avenue profits by picking upfallen idols. This can take place, in Drucker's view, over the course of alifetime and need not be limited to the traditional working years. In that regard,the business expert Peter Drucker makes a case for lifelong attention tocareer development. Equivalence ofconstructs measured by job-specific and commercially available aptitudetests. However, information provision as well ascrisis intervention is not inconsistent with making the athlete-client andnot the counselor the important enterprise of the counseling process. The defection of the ever-faithful fans, like the desertion of a trusted wife, may have been the most painful blow of all (Dunnigan, 1984, p. 55).Along the same lines, Branch (1992) reports that some former pro stars areaccosted on the street with comments like, "Didn't you used to be --?" Suchexperiences can take an emotional toll, which argues that psychological aswell as financial issues may arise for former athletes, since the intensityof experience associated with competitive sports cannot necessarily bematched in a more conventional business environment. That is a difference between modern society and the past: Now, most of us, even those of us with modest endowments, will have to learn to . Michigan quarterbackRick Leach. 1-43. 57). Serious attentionmust be given to conserving and/or building on the resources. The idea in the background of refocusing all children onsocial and household roles was that boys could experience social learningmeant to have the effect of fostering a more equitable division of labor atwork and at home. NSEE HomePage. A Houston Oiler player, Sean Jones, worked as astockbroker with Dean Witter in California for several years during the off-season, specifically so that he could prepare for a profession beyond hiscompetitive-sports years (Branch, 1992). Forbes, 133, 134. Another program aimed at facilitating a transition from sports to adifferent working life is the NBA's Veteran's Transition Program, whichprovides career and aptitude counseling and exposes players to a variety ofindustries (Branch, 1992). Stripped of fancy terminology, this involvement, whichmay also take shape as internships or management training programs, can becompared to what has historically been called vocational education. (1996, September 3 ). American Journal of Nursing, 89, 354-5. If some tests (e.g., general aptitudetests) are administered in classrooms, the school counselor would act asmain facilitator and monitor of classroom supervisors' activities.Meanwhile, both these students and those who are not college bound couldhave a group orientation in the form of a career day/evening, whether inbusiness or in the military. Sharf, R. It all begins with education. On the other hand, it may beinferred that the athlete had not particularly planned the shape that hiscareer had assumed, either while still in college or during the time heplayed baseball for a living. Hoachlander, E.G. (1989, Mar.). However: On Aug. Harrison, T. Rather, the structure ofBradley's career path, from athletics to politics to presidential politics,can be interpreted as a deliberate attempt on Bradley's part to reshape hisworking life to arrive at a new formulation of relevance and self-engagement, as well as engagement with the environment. (1992, October). Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 298-3 8. F. Sharf (1997), who describes a variety ofapproaches to career development, speaks with most relevance to thesituation of athletes in his discussion of applying social learning theoryto career counseling. (1993, June 17). But Branch (1992) reports that,especially among younger athletes who get million-dollar contracts veryearly in their careers, there is a tendency to spend money on consumergoods, usually on the installment plan, which has the unintendedconsequence of tying them to debt-service obligations. Dunnigan, J.A. Government's annually updated OccupationalOutlook, which lists hundreds of job descriptions, and What Color Is YourParachute?, an acknowledged resource for job seekers and career changers. Heins, J. Now historically, vocational education has been distinguished fromacademic education in both structure and prestige. In the mid-198 s, post-career intervention services aimed at helpingformer professional athletes realign their career paths or current athletesplan for a successful post-sports career began to respond to what wasperceived as a growing need. Just as there is a distinction between full and continuous employment,so there are distinctions between current and continuous employability fromorganization to organization and between static and upwardly mobileemployability within an organization. Fimrite, R. In particular, he advocates soliciting feedback fromothers to get a sense of how one's strengths and weaknesses are perceived,with a view toward possible reevaluation and redirection of career and lifechoices. Entrepreneurs: How jocks do when the cheeringends. Goodnow, J.J., Miller, P.J., & Kessel, F. (PACE), which was designedto help professional and amateur college athletes "prepare for thetransition from sports to business" (Dunnigan, 1984, p. Trademagazines are replete with high-technology certification opportunities aswell. (1991, Nov.-Dec.). . . (1992). The Wall Street Journal, B1. A career day--with adifference. James W. Connected to this are differencesbetween the ability to change careers or and being forced to do so,irrespective of whether employees lose a job through no fault of their own.All of these factors have contributed to the growth in the field of careerdevelopment, which entails strategic planning and/or action by anindividual that is meant to optimize opportunities for full and continuousemployment and the income security that being able to cover expenseswithout hardship provides. BlackEnterprise, 23, 162-7. The strength of such an approach is that it isopen to learning or discovering the human psyche as developmental and notfixed. Ifthe career-development process is begun in an environment well away fromthe crises attending an athlete's separation from his or her sport, andwell in advance of need, then the whole counseling experience could beperceived as beneficial. Another reason for career-development activity among high school andcollege athletes is the diverse and well-publicized record of highly paidprofessional athletes after they retired from their sport. For onething, only two out of a hundred high school and college athletes actuallymake it to the professional level (La Franchi, 1984). (1995). Cetron, M. (1994, March 1 ). But in the midst of nearly full employment is concealed a complex offacts about the content of the full-employment structure. . Three national-scope private-sector institutions appear to account forthe institutional structure of vocational education at the high schoollevel: Junior Achievement (JA), which also targets students in elementaryand junior high schools; DECA, which stands for Distributive EducationClubs of America, is an association of marketing (i.e., DE) students(Brown, 1994). References Branch, E.D. Steps shortened, reactions slowed, and the adulation of the raving fans became a bitter mixture of catcalls and epithets. Brown, C. Fimrite (1996) cites the example of a star collegefootball player, Rick Leach, who later played for the Detroit Tigers,Toronto Blue Jays, Texas Rangers, and New York Giants baseball teams--ineach successive placement succumbing to "personal problems" that turned outto be secret cocaine use, despite public popularity and a decent battingaverage (.293 with the Giants .293). These work-study programs, which involve employer-teacher-school coordination, have met with approval from the business communitychiefly because of the values of responsibility they appear to instill in ayouthful work force. Theycould use these resources in individual session, as part of a range ofassessment services designed to point the athletes in optimal careerdirections, whatever the fate of their professional-sports dreams. Counseling alone, as the work of Garvey's PACE and the NBA's veteran'sprogram suggests, will not necessarily help athletes successfully develop acareer outside of sports. (1991, July 1). School counseling. The report of his situation did not speakof poverty or regression into drugs use. Jacqueline J. DECA. Stepping into the vacuum. Rock star? According to Garvey, one of the major counseling obstacles atPACE was to make the finite nature of a pro-sports career penetrate theconsciousness of the firm's clients, and so foster a transition into a newcareer (Heins, 1984). There is also research that suggests the sooner in one's lifesystematic career-development activity takes place, the more likely it isto help people accomplish their working-life objectives. This argues that theeducation portion of college is far more crucial to career success than thesports portion. Retired baseball player Steve Garvey, for example, foundedProfessional Athletes Career Enterprises, Inc. However, since the mid-198 s that picture has changed. As of 1996, he was working asan insurance agent in Michigan. Many students, particularly athletes, may be so absorbed by theirsport that they are not aware of the range of careers or fields of studyavailable to them. It canlast through the retirement years as well. Editors' preface,"Development Through Participation in Social Activity." Cultural Practicesas Contexts for Development. Sports: The risky road to a career.Christian Science Monitor, 76, 25. If necessary, the schoolcounselor should be available to act as test monitor or proctor on the daysthat the tests are administered. National Society for Experiential Education (NSEE). All concerned shouldunderstand that making a connection with a school counselor is not the samething as having or even solving a school crisis (Harrison, 1991; Conoley,Conoley, Ivey & Scheel, 1991). Entrepreneur, 55-58. By no means should athletes be excluded or consider themselves exemptfrom attendance at these (nonsports-related) events, particularly if theneed for athletic practice is asserted as a reason for not attending.Exposure to a world besides sports is to be encouraged, not discouraged,and the need for such exposure may have to be urged upon both studentathlete and his or her parents. (2 ). (1992, June). Everythingfrom company politics to a big merger with another company might come intoplay, but the reasons behind job transitions are not relevant to thisresearch; only the fact that they are either necessary or desirable is. 41) refer to"development through participation," which in general terms can be said tobe consistent with the subjective experience of identity that remainsconsistent yet also changing by means of "successive reorganizations" (p.43) over one's span of life. . 66).Drucker advocates periodic review of career satisfaction and career goalssimply as a mechanism for remaining engaged by and interested in one'swork, as well as openness to new courses of study, if a new kind of careeris contemplated. Under the heading of information andguidance services are included career-development services, whether collegeor noncollege planning for high school students and whether advanced-degreeor specialized education for college students. Journal ofCounseling and Development, 7 , 724-7. as revealed in clinical experience (Rogers, 1961, p. Commercial-productendorsements, while potentially lucrative for some, may not be in the cardsat all for other players (Goldman, 1994). Aptitude tests routinely administered by the school system can beanalyzed and discussed by counselors and used in conjunction withoccupational-information resources with a view toward nurturing what thetests indicate is the athlete's interest in a given line of work. Accordingly, the counselors could makepamphlets or letters available to students as well as parents to informthem of the range of available counseling services, to hold a counselingworkshop on a weekend day, or to seek out opportunities for speakingengagements or feature-news coverage that can provide career-development-related information. Two kinds of counseling services are possible: (1) information andguidance, and (2) crisis intervention. The cheering stopped. Applying career development theory to counseling.Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole. (1997). Some employees are seeking "full-career employability" by means of"lifelong learning," the name given to a whole range of skills-training andskills-enhancement courses designed specifically to upgrade and enlarge thescope of employee knowledge and increase their value as workers (Lifelong,1999). But during the 199 s, technical and vocationaleducation participation grew dramatically, in line with the more generalgrowth of entrepreneurship in the culture (Brown, 1994). U.S.News & World Report, 121, 21. The counselor may have to initiate sessionsthat are designed to open the world to the athletes wider than the nearestplaying field. And we will have to stay mentally alert and engaged during a 5 -year working life, which means knowing how and when to change the work we do (Drucker, 1999, p. 75).It has to be noted that not all school counseling for athletes need bedirected at neurotic behavior. Cultural psychology--what is it? Indeed, thecareer-related orientation of vocational studies may be well suited to theincorporation of career-development protocols in the educational plan ofathletes who, for the most part and at some time, will be obliged to makethe transition out of a sports-directed life and into a self-directed one. The National Society for Experiential Education (NSEE,2 ) promotes cross-industry internships for students, not only in highschool but also for upper-level students. The once-invincible body suffered the final betrayal. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press. CulturalPsychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. In some cases, the economic picture of former professional athletes isfurther complicated by a difficult psychological and physical picture: It happened to Joe Louis and Ali, to Mantle, Maris, and Mays. Erdman (1991)compares the success of football player Willie Davis, who owned severalbusinesses after leaving the Green Bay Packers, including a jazz radiostation, to the business failures of tennis star Bjorn Borg, whose forayinto sports fashions led to accumulation of great debt, and football playerJohnny Unitas, who had to declare bankruptcy after the failure of anelectronics company he helped start. The actual application of ideas to concrete situations will sharpen their desire to learn and guide them toward suitable careers (Cetron, Soriano, & Gayle, 1985, pp. It is not uncommon to hear of people making majorcareer changes two or three times during their working lives. Diversity & women's career development:from adolescence to adulthood. What better way to master an idea than to use it in a real-world situation where students can see a purpose for learning it? Managing oneself. Sports Illustrated, 85, 4. (1999, March-April). In centuries past, when life expectancy was perhaps 4 ,he explains, people didn't have to worry about career changes or personaldevelopment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995. Goodnow, Peggy J. IB: Independent Business, 42-6. Predicting the academic success ofstudent-athletes using SAT and noncognitive variables. Vocational education in the United States,1969-199 . The fact that the importance of career development has entered thediscourse of business in general indicates that all workers, not just thosewhose lives are or have been centered on competitive sports, can benefitfrom systematic approaches to constructing or nurturing a satisfactoryworking life. High-salariedathletes as a group would be expected to have enough capital to shape apost-athletics career in a variety of ways. Meanwhile, positive recommendations for girls' sociallearning and career planning included teaching them negotiation anddecision-making skills, traditionally associated with assertiveness (andmale development) as well as acquiescence and cooperation (and femaledevelopment) (Farmer & Others, 1997). We will have to place ourselves where we can make the greatest contribution. The sometimes harsh realities that gifted athletes face when athleticsis no longer their dominant activity and the fact that current programsthat provide career-development services are targeted at adults suggestthat earlier preparation for a shift in working-life emphasis could bebeneficial. Rogers, C.R. 22). Retrieved from the World Wide Web, 18April 2 , at http://www.deca.org/. An early effect of this was to devaluevocational courses of study. (1984, April). Schools of the future:How American business and education can cooperate to save our schools. (1994, September/October). . The plan of theresearch will be to set forth the context in which career-developmentprograms have become an important issue and then to discuss how aspects ofcareer development can be incorporated into the educational experience ofyoung athletes and have relevance to the course of their entire lives. & Landis, R.S. Off-season professionals. In other words, a fancy pro-sportscontract may not necessarily set an athlete up for life. Essentially, these were career-developmentservices. This isthe case even though the decade of the 199 s brought unprecedentedprosperity of long duration to the industrial democracies, especially theUSA. Leach rejoined the Giants for spring training in 1991, but San Francisco, loaded with outfielders, released him (Fimrite, 1996, p. of Education, Office of EducationalResearch and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics. On becoming a person. 7-8). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Grant, P., & DesRosier, M.B. Boston: Houghton MifflinCompany. & Adams-Gaston, J. In 1985, when the high-technologyrevolution was hitting the mass market, some futurists projected thatpublic education would increasingly form working partnerships with private-sector industries to train students for jobs. Canadian Business, 72, 19. Perhaps the most prominent example of post-sports careerevolution is that of basketball player Bill Bradley, who became a multitermUS senator. A hard truth of the world of business that emerged in the late 2 thcentury that the days of the 25-year gold watch are days of yore. The need to address career-development issues for athletes while theyare still in school and have not yet entered the labor force (either asprofessional athletes or as amateur athletes who are employed somewherebesides the playing field) is relevant for a variety of reasons. Drucker, P. Many of these courses offer some form of certification or evenacademic credits, and many are offered through community colleges. (1999, October 8). Enhancing consultation by matching the consultee's perspectives.Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 546-49. Catching up with ... By 1996,presidential advocacy of vocational education included the hope "that wetear down the artificial wall in every school system in America betweenwhat is academic and what is vocational" (Clinton, 1996, p. The relevance of what is going on in the employment marketplace ingeneral to the need for career-development programs for athletes who maynot have graduated from high school or college should be obvious to anyonewho has noticed the life-and-work perceptions of young students in generaland young (or not-so-young) athletes in particular. Lifelong learning. The client-centered model of counselingand psychotherapy is a useful point of departure, as Rogers describes it: [Client-centered therapy involves] the increase in insightful statements, in maturity of reported behavior, in positive attitudes, as therapy progresses; the changes in perception of, and acceptance of, the self; the incorporation of previously denied experience into the self-structure; the shift in the locus of evaluation from outside to inside the self; the changes in the therapeutic relationship; and characteristic changes in personality structure, in behavior, and in physiological condition. The cheering stops: An interview with thepremier businessman of baseball, Steve Garvey. (1997). Miller, andFrank Kessel (Eds.). Dept. Goldman, K. Stigler,Richard A. (1961). The impetus for career development of adult working people increasedover the course of the 2 th century not only because of the increased lifespan but also because the structure of work has changed. The PACE program, which started in 1982 while Garvey was still playingprofessionally for the San Diego Padres, combined aptitude testing andcareer counseling with placement services, including a version of off-season internship or management training with selected Fortune 5 companies. (1991, July-Aug.). That is that fullemployment does not necessarily mean continuous employment at one companyor other organization for individuals or groups over the entire course oftheir working lives. Sedlacek, W.E. Shweder, and Gilbert Herdt (Eds.).
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