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ANOREXIA AND BULIMIA.
Term Paper ID:29300
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Essay Subject:
Discussion of the eating disorders.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
6 sources, 20 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discussion of the eating disorders. Commonality among all social classes and ethnic groups. Variety of factors involved in development of anorexia or distorted body image. Symptoms. Treatment to restore normal body weight; hospitalization, counseling and psychotherapy. Goal of treatment. Examines symptoms and effects of Bulimia as a severe eating disorder separate from Anorexia.
Paper Introduction:
ANOREXIA
Anorexia is a psychological disorder in which a distorted body images causes a person to believe they are fat, even though their weight is at or below accepted limits (Sifton, 2001). It is most common among young women, and usually starts in adolescence or the early 20s. It occurs across all social classes and ethnic groups. There may be a familial link to anorexia, and there is recent evidence of a genetic linkage (McCaffree, 2001). Researchers in the Netherlands and Germany have found a link between the agouti-related protein (AGRP) gene and the susceptibility to anorexia. Health professionals usually believe there are a variety of factors involved in the development of anorexia, including genetic and/or biological factors, while psychologists tend to believe children learn food
Text of the Paper:
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They are given to binges in which they consumelarge amounts of food. It occurs across allsocial classes and ethnic groups. In this area, researchers are looking at modifying theproteins which genes release, such as corticotropin releasing factor whichis released in response to stress. In a study by these researchers, 55 percent ofthe eating disorders diagnosed in males were anorexia. Treatment guideline for eating disorders. ANOREXIA Anorexia is a psychological disorder in which a distorted body imagescauses a person to believe they are fat, even though their weight is at orbelow accepted limits (Sifton, 2 1). Eating disorders: All in the family? Further research is needed to determine if biochemicalfactors are responsible, in part, for these diseases, and better treatmentprotocols need to be developed to increase the treatment success rate. (2 1). E. A cultural factor may come into play becauseanorexia is not found in developing countries where food is in shortsupply. He stresses thetreatment goal of enhancing the patient's motivation to cooperate in theirtreatment and in correcting maladaptive thoughts, attitudes and feelingsrelated to anorexia, and enlisting the entire family as a support group.This kind of treatment is based on a belief in a psychological cause foranorexia. (2 1). Like anorexia, bulimia occurs mostly in young women,and in all ethnic groups and across all social classes. ReferencesBen-Tovim, D. Those who believe in a genetic cause in some cases of anorexiaare holding out the hope that, with modern methods in genetic engineeringand gene therapy, a new treatment for anorexia may be on the horizon(McCaffree, 2 1). Researchers in the Netherlands and Germany have found a linkbetween the agouti-related protein (AGRP) gene and the susceptibility toanorexia. W. Eating disordered adolescent males. Treatment for anorexia consists of trying to restore normal bodyweight before it does irreparable harm, and in extreme cases, causes death(Sifton, 2 1). The patients in the studywere 95 anorexics, 88 bulimics, and 37 patients with eating disorders nototherwise specified (EDNOS). A five year study of patients with anorexia and bulimia and othereating disorders carried out by Ben-Tovim, Walker, Gilchrist, Freeman,Kalucy, and Esterman (2 1) showed that interventions and treatments arenot very effective in any of these disorders. Bulimia is rarely fatal. Bulimics often have low self-esteemand poor impulse control (Seidenfeld and Rickert, 2 1). The earlier they are detected and treatment isinitiated, the better the chance of preventing serious medical problemswhich can arise from either problem. Outcome in patients with eating disorders: a 5- year study. (2 ). This study clearly differentiated anorexia frombulimia as distinct clinical diagnostic entities. The amenorrhea is thought to be due to a disruption of thehypothalamic-pituitary axis due to severe caloric restriction. In The PDR Family Guide to Women's Health and Prescriptive Drugs. About half of bulimic women havemenstrual dysfunction, but the exact cause of this has not been elucidated. I. They tend to prefer foods with high-fat, high-sugarcontent, which are easy to swallow and easy to vomit afterwards, such asice cream, candy, puddings and cookies. Males are often under-diagnosedbecause of the common thought that it is a disease affecting young women(Eliot and Baker, 2 1). Some say fullrecovery can occur in 5 percent to 7 percent of cases, with 15 percent to2 percent having occasional relapses, and another 15 percent to 2 percentneeding treatment for many years (Sifton, 2 1). Family Physician, 64, 445-45 .Sifton, D. Sometimes bulimics have obese relatives, and so become bulimic toavoid becoming like them (Eliot and baker, 2 1; Sifton, 2 1). Others doit for professional reasons: they require a slim body for their work, e.g.dancers, models and athletes. Health professionals usually believe there are a variety offactors involved in the development of anorexia, including genetic and/orbiological factors, while psychologists tend to believe children learn foodbehaviors from their parents. The success rate for recovery varies. Afterwards, they try to get rid ofthis excess food either by vomiting, taking laxatives, enemas or diuretics,or going on diets. In contrast, almost three quartersof bulimics had no diagnosable eating disorder by the end of the five yearperiod; a few still were bulimic; and about 1 percent now fitted adiagnoses of EDNOS. It is most common among young women,and usually starts in adolescence or the early 2 s. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics. They feel guiltyafter binge/purge sessions, but have no control over them. There may be a familial link toanorexia, and there is recent evidence of a genetic linkage (McCaffree,2 1). Symptoms of anorexia include unexplained loss of more than 25 percentof body weight, fear of being overweight, thinking of one's body as beingfat when it is not, compulsive exercising, and cessation of menstruation infemales (Sifton, 2 1). Sometimes the patients require tranquilizers or antidepressantsto control psychological problems which may be causing the disorderedeating pattern. Males tend to dietdefensively, either because family members have been warned of the dangersof being overweight, or for participation in sports where excess weightcauses problems. Since theteenage years are a major time period for bone deposition, this caloricrestriction would also explain the osteoporosis in terms of reduced calciumintake. Lancet, 357, 1254-1257.Eliot A. (2 1). (2 1). O., & Baker, C. Anorexia and bulimia are two severe eating disorders, and need to betreated professionally. Other physical symptoms include weakness,dizziness, fatigue, osteopenia and osteoporosis (Seidenfeld and Rickert,2 1). W. I., Walker, K., Gilchrist, P., Freeman, R., Kalucy, R., & Esterman, A. Treatment for bulimia is usually psychotherapy, and occasionallyshort hospital stays are required if physical damage has occurred (Sifton,2 1). Adolescence, 36, 535-543.McCaffree, J. The symptoms and effects of bulimia are not as severe as those ofanorexia because body weight is usually maintained (Sifton, 2 1).However, physical symptoms such as dehydration, fainting spells,indigestion, bloating, internal bleeding and infections, liver and kidneydamage, upset of the body fluid/mineral balance, and rupture of theesophagus can occur (Sifton, 2 1). Dietetic Assoc., 1 1, 622-623.Miller, K. Unlikeanorexics, bulimics have no special desire to become thin, but just want tomaintain their weight. Although they both appear to havepsychological causative elements, at least for anorexia there seems to be agenetic factor. Miller (2 ) believesonly a modest number of anorexia patients recover, and though some improvewith time, many continue to battle a distorted body image. E., & Rickert, V. J. This may provide a treatment foranorexia.BULIMIA Bulimia, once thought to be another aspect of anorexia, is nowbelieved to be an entirely separate disorder (Sifton, 2 1). Males are also less likely to admit having a problem andseek help. Battling anorexia, bulimia and obesity. Impact of anorexia, bulimia and obesity on the gynecologic health of adolescents. Nutritional counseling is also needed for bulimics, andantidepressive medications may be prescribed (Miller, 2 ). Five years after recruitment in the study,three patients with anorexia and two patients with EDNOS had died, but nopatients with bulimia had died. Am.Family Physician, 62, 185.Seidenfeld, M. Am. However, in thestudy by Eliot and Baker (2 1), 12.5 percent of the males with eatingdisorders were diagnosed with bulimia. Am. (2 1). Episodes of the binge/purge cycle are oftentriggered by depression and anxiety. Hospitalization is often necessary in the early stages,and counseling and psychotherapy are also part of a treatment program foranorexia. Although more than half of the survivinganorexia patients did not meet diagnostic criteria for eating disorders atthis time, they had intermediate or poor Morgan-Russell-Hayward scores,which indicated that anorexia was still present in these patients, andthey still had psychological problems. Anorexia can also cause anemia, dehydration, constipation, dryskin, dull and brittle hair, low blood pressure and an irregular heart beat(Sifton, 2 1). In the United States, most anorexics are young white women, althoughthere is an increasing trend among African American and Hispanic women, andeven men to become anorexic as the media constantly plays up the model ofthinness as the ideal (McCaffree, 2 1).
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