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ADOLESCENCE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE.
Term Paper ID:29368
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Essay Subject:
Reviews the topic.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
9 sources, 12 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Reviews the topic. Discusses increased adolescent use of illicit drugs. Contextual factors including societal and cultural factors. Adolescent life cycle issue of identity development. Family issues and effects on relationships. Physiological factors such as sensation seeking and a lack of harm avoidance. Antisocial behavior. Prevention measures.
Paper Introduction:
Adolescence and Substance Abuse
Introduction
This research paper will present adolescence and substance abuse. The topic is reviewed and this is followed by the following issues: the adolescent life cycle issue of identity development, and family issues and effects on relationships.
Adolescence and Substance Abuse
Adolescent use of illicit drugs is increasing. In 1997, marijuana use was highest among those aged 12 to 24 years (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Saunders, Resnick, Best, & Schnurr, 2000). Adolescent substance abuse is associated with frequent impulsive-aggressive behavior and early onset of alcohol or drug use with associated problems. Risk factors are precursors of drug and alcohol problems and are predictive of other problems such as delinquen
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Studies haveshown that specific risk factors exist such as poverty, sensation seeking,antisocial behavior, and family problems. Previous research has concluded that sons ofmale alcoholics are at risk for substance abuse. W., Newwomb, M., Winters, K. Neighborhooddisorganization problems such as high population density, lack ofsurveillance, high mobility, physical deterioration, low attachment levels,high adult and juvenile crime, and illegal drug trafficking are related todelinquency. ReferencesCurran, P. Prevention of adolescent substance abuse has focused on themanipulation and enforcement of laws and norms. These cognitive reactions result in moreextreme behavioral reactions. E., & Sacchitelle, C. For example, there are minimum age drinking laws and penaltiesfor sale of alcohol to minors and laws prohibit drug use. Zahn-Waxler (1996) pointed out that development,transitions, and adjustments in adolescence, such as the search foridentity, must be included in the analysis of adolescent problems such asalcoholism. It was concluded that risk factors predictdifferences for all groups and rare behaviors are not well predicted. Interpersonal factors include family substance use attitudes andbehaviors, which affect adolescent use. (1992). Findings of the currentstudy were that the boys with disruptive behaviors demonstrated the highestdegree of substance abuse and no effect of father's alcoholism wasindicated. Environment, biology, and culture: Implications for adolescent development. D. Predictive validitywas only higher for Whites, compared to Blacks on three risk factors.Prediction of use frequency was the weakest for Black women but this groupalso had a low level of use. (2 ). (1997). Without support from others and an ongoingsense of self, they may lose themselves and develop negativeidentifications. It ishypothesized that this neighborhood deterioration is related to parentalsocialization and supervision problems which would predict alcoholism andsubstance abuse in teenagers (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Adolescence and Substance Abuse Introduction This research paper will present adolescence and substance abuse.The topic is reviewed and this is followed by the following issues: theadolescent life cycle issue of identity development, and family issues andeffects on relationships. However, morerecent theories have included the possibility that substance abuse leads tothe choice of specific peers friendships that support this behavior.Adolescents who abuse alcohol tend to chose friends who are similar tothemselves regarding their alcohol use and they chose friends who aresimilar in emotional issues such as being susceptible to conformitypressures or needs for rebelliousness. Early onset of substance use is predictive of misuse (Hawkins,Catalano, & Miller, 1992). G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. Predicting boys' early-onset substance abuse from father's alcoholism, son's disruptiveness, and mother's parenting behavior. J., Stice, E., & Chassin, L. (1997). D., Catalano, R. Family Issues & Effects on Relationships Dobkin, Tremblay, and Sacchitelle (1997) studied factors related toadolescent substance abuse. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 571-573. For this stage the adolescentfaces changes in hormones, shifts from parental to peer approval, and theneed to determine self definition. Adolescent Identity Development Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is Adolescence:Identity vs. Laws and norms favor positivebehavior. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1) 64-1 5.Kilpatrick, D. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19-3 .Latimer, W. Social influenceresistance skills have also been implemented. Wills, Sandy, Yaeger, and Shinar (2 1) reported that family riskfactors have been shown to affect substance use in teens. Y. (1996). Risk factors are precursorsof drug and alcohol problems and are predictive of other problems such asdelinquency, pregnancy, school problems, and school dropout. F., & Miller, J. In 1997, marijuanause was highest among those aged 12 to 24 years (Kilpatrick, Acierno,Saunders, Resnick, Best, & Schnurr, 2 ). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence data from a national sample. L., Tremblay, R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 13 -14 .Dobkin, P. There is a struggle between the needfor self-acceptance and other-acceptance and there is an attempt to achieveself-identity rather than group-identity. This interplay affects adolescent developmentas well as relationships with others and relationships with drugs andalcohol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 684-696.Wills, T. For examplepeer influence resistance skills training helps adolescents resist alcoholand drug use. Aggressivebehavior in boys is a predictor of later antisocial behavior.Hyperactivity and attention-deficit disorders are linked to delinquency andadolescent alcoholism when conduct problems such as aggression areinvolved. Adolescentswho are high risk due to poor family management, early behavior problems,low family bonding, academic failure, and low school commitment baycontinue to be unmotivated to refuse alcohol and drug use (Hawkins,Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Identity: Youth and crisis. Psychiatric disorders in adolescence arehigher in individuals rated as having difficult temperaments. Race and sex differences in adolescent drug use were reported byGottfredson, and Koper (1996). New York: Norton.Gottfredson, D. S., Best, C. Poor parenting practices, highfamily conflict, and low bonding levels are risk factors in alcoholism.Inconsistent or poor family management with low maternal involvement inchildren's activities predict drug use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 86-92.Erikson, E. The relationship between adolescent alcohol abuse and peerrelationships was explored by Curran, Stice, and Chassin (1997). Adolescent substance abuse isassociated with frequent impulsive-aggressive behavior and early onset ofalcohol or drug use with associated problems. Studies of these skills haveshown short-term effects regarding rates of drug initiation. Poor impulse control predicts marijuana use in adolescence andsensation seeking is linked to monamine oxidase activity which isassociated with adolescent alcoholism. Thus it was concluded thatboys' disruptive behavior and the family issue, mother's lack of nurturing,was predictive of adolescent substance abuse. C., & Stinchfield, R. Over-involvement by one parent andpermissiveness or distance by the other are family risk factors. S. M., Yaeger, A., & Shinar, O. (2 ). There is an interplaybetween environmental, cultural, and individual biological roles that shapethis psychological distress. In addition, disruptive boys' mothers were significantly moredemanding of obedience and less nurturing. For example, studieswith infants that have difficult temperaments have shown more extremecognitive reactions to family issues and stressors such as familystructure, crowding, or noise. Closeness of parent to childdiscourages youth from alcohol or drug involvement. However, family-child relationships are mutually affected. Familyconflict or marital discord is a risk factor in drug use and delinquency,this is more predictive than a broken home. Researchfindings have linked adolescent substance use with peer substance use andfound this relationship to be predictive of substance abuse. A., Sandy, J. Individual factors include physiological factors such as sensationseeking and a lack of harm avoidance which predict adolescent substanceabuse. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood implications for substance abuse prevention. Physical and sexualabuse, witness to violence, or a family member with substanceabuse/dependence are associated with adolescent substance abuse risk(Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992; Kilpatrick et al., 2 ). However, research has alsopointed out that these factors are interrelated, each affecting andmediating the other. L., & Schnurr, P. Early behavioral problems such as antisocial behavior in childhood islinked to adult antisocial behavior and substance abuse. The effects were higher inadolescents with higher activity levels and negative emotionality orincreased vulnerability effects. When strengths and social support are present and resultin a coherent identity, the virtue found is fidelity or the ability tosustain loyalties (Erikson, 1968). Extreme economic deprivation such as poverty, overcrowding, and poorhousing are associated with increased risk for delinquency and conductproblems. Contextual factors include societal and cultural factors whichprovide legal and normative expectations. Latimer, Newwomb, Winters, and Stinchfield(2 ) reported that long-term treatment approaches with aftercare andinterpersonal protective factors are needed to assist the substance abusingadolescent. No group differences were observed regarding predictionof drug variety for race or sex in nine of 12 factors. Erikson stated that a negative identity may develop whenprevious stages have been filled with danger or undesirable influences.During this stage the adolescent may enter a period of withdrawal to ponderand determine their identity. Adolescence and Substance Abuse Adolescent use of illicit drugs is increasing. Academic failure is linked to adolescent drug abuse however,high grades have also been found to predict alcohol use in some cases. The authors findings were consistent withprevious studies. H. Lowlevels of school commitment, peer rejection in elementary school,association with drug-using peers, alienation and rebelliousness, andfavorable attitudes toward drug use, are related to adolescent substanceuse. Availability isdependent on the laws and norms but it is also a separate factor since forexample alcohol may be illegal but it also tends to be available to minors. This analysis also needs to include familial, ethnic,cultural, and demographic diversities as well as differences betweengenders with corresponding psychological distress. (1968). Role Confusion (11-18 years). C., & Koper, C. Adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome the role of substance abuse problem severity, psychosocial, and treatment factors. P. The crisis for this stagesurrounds the development of a sense of identity and the mastering of roleconfusion. (2 1). For theirstudy of 1,81 adolescents, findings showed that impacts of parental riskfactors was less for those adolescents with higher task attentionorientation and positive emotionality. Twin and adoption studies haveshown that in males, monozygotic twins are twice as likely as dizygotictwins to be concordant for alcoholism in males and females, however thegenetic factor is shown to be less than a 3 % predictive factor (Hawkins,Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 283-297.Zahn-Waxler, C. Race and sex differences in the prediction of drug use. However, these methods do not address developmentalconditions and they have less effect on higher risk groups. Risk factorsare divided into two categories: contextual, and individual andinterpersonal (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). (1996). Family risk factors and adolescent substance use moderation effects for temperament dimensions. It has also been shown thattemperament characteristics of the child result in different levels ofsusceptibility to the effects of family experiences. While studies do not provide strong support for the conclusionthat these factors predict adolescent substance abuse, extreme poverty hasbeen shown to lead to increased risk of adult antisocial behavior andalcoholism in those who were antisocial in childhood. The relation between adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use a longitudinal random coefficients model. These factors are expected to lead to drug involvementhowever, more research is needed to support this prediction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 3 5-313.Hawkins, J. Conclusions Contextual, individual, and interpersonal factors have been studiedregarding their relationship to adolescent substance abuse.
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