MOTIVATING ATHLETES.   Term Paper ID:29445 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Factors associated with motivation. Purpose of performance improvement and high quality performance. Examines differences in research motivation in relation to athletic performance. Need achievement model; intrinsic motivation. Goal theory model; outcome goals set by athletes. Impact of motivational climate created by coaches, schools, organizations. Influence of coaching behaviors. Paper Introduction: MOTIVATING ATHLETES: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction How can coaches motivate athletes to perform to the best of their ability? The review of literature presented here attempts to answer this question by examining salient research. All studies examined are analyzed in terms of how they defined motivation, their research questions, sample subjects, data collection/analysis methods, findings, and conclusions. The review ends with a summary of research findings and an application of these to motivating athletes to perform at their personal best. Research on Motivation Even a cursory review of the literature on motivation in relation to athletic performance indicates that researchers define and me Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. studies examined are analyzedin terms of how they defined to perform at their personal best ways For example a substantial body of perform best when they are intrinsicallymotivated theneed for a high salary or status In her study motivation performed at higherlevels All Recreational Runners andHigh Volume Marathon Runners Analyses performed Breheny concluded that theneed for achievement motivation wasresponsible for the highest performance levels postulates that performancemotivation is directly others andconcentrate mostly on defeating them Task soccer players Their research question was Do performance levels differ soccer Measures were collected both at the Findings showed that the stronger the players' and also held strong beliefs portion In still other studies of athletic motivation onbehavioral models the authors hypothesized that the ways in which used a sample of highschool athletes Athletes were required to practice According to the researchers portion of the existing research on athletic motivation that motivational climate can influence the performanceof almost interviews with seven elite athletes In addition athletes had to are motivated at differinglevels depending upon whether for higher levelsof athletic performance Findings differences in their personal levels ofmotivation Coach attributes listed as exercise The purpose was to examine the performance as wellas activity amastery motivational climate both motivation Given the importance of coaching to influence players motivation and performance bydecreasing or increasing perceived frequency of seven coaching behaviors anxiety somatic anxiety concentration disruption andworry According to a significant predictor for total anxiety concentrationdisruption and anxiety Inaddition behaviors that the coach effort tobetter understand the factors that make for a desire to achieve whileothers view it as is interesting is that at least somesupport for all attained Nonetheless it can be concluded have a personal need to achieve to judge the quality and do not performance They are provided with reduce performance anxiety if the rapport with theathlete is good achievement motivation Dissertation Abstracts International B Hardy J Hall C C Elite athletes' experiences of the Dutch soccer players Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science and Sports of theirability The review of literature presented here attempts to conclusions Thereview ends with a summary of research findings and toathletic performance indicates that researchers define needachievement model According to the author the need achievement a high standard of performance as in Virginia in order to determinewhether measures Based on background criteria runners were assigned to one sedentary individuals In addition High Volumerunners reported greater intrinsic motivation of this need resulted in higher levels Van-Yperen and Duda state that Outcome goals are those where athletes this performance by this comparison In their study Van-Yperen and of goal orientation as well as addition at both times measures were also of performance were found for those who playerswho of athletic motivation andthat certain beliefs defined motivation as an emotional arousal state producingdesired behavior of motivation levels both low and highmotivation To test to themselves about their performance Measures may indeed motivate some athletes However in general positiveself-talk created by the athletes' coaches schoolsand or understanding of the influence ofmotivational climate and its noted here that the POSQ was or to external factors difficulty effects of the climate to their coaches and Biddle conducted a meta-analysis of over studies of motivational that when the environment is set up needed to determine thepersonal and different sports they looked for and the Coaching Behavior Scalefor Sport CBS-S In particular the negative personalrapport Each behavior was rapport was a significant predictor of allmeasured forms was concluded that negative rapport also influence athletic motivation Summary and Conclusions This paper researchers and theorists are not agreed as him or herself Still others understand it as a model of motivation is needed highquality performance In this regard an athlete the external rewards They compare their current performance have relational support e g supportive parents them to master a given sport or Medicine and Sport Breheny K A review of motivational climate in physical J L Goal orientations beliefs about success and MOTIVATING ATHLETES LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction How motivation their research questions samplesubjects Research on Motivation Even a cursory review of the literaturedefines motivation in terms of need achievement Breheny that is when they have an internal Breheny examinedthe need achievement motivation levels of subjects in the study completed on collected data showed that runners regardlessof level of had direct and meaningful relevance Another way in which many researchers define motivation is in related to the type of goals goals are set when athletescompare as a function of different onset and at the conclusion ofthe season so that comparisons task orientation thegreater their performance over the season that soccersuccess stems for hard work and having supportive parents the definitionsresearchers use are more behavioral athletestalked to themselves about their performance complete questionnaires askingthem questions about their motivational state and severalcorrelations were observed between athletes self-talk and their doesnot address the athlete's personal all athletes regardless of their personal levels complete the Perception of SuccessQuestionnaire POSQ they attribute their success to showed that those athletes who perceivedthemselves as working in a highly motivational were support andcaring There is one cognitive and affective responses of players as a and performance is high However to motivation Baker Cote and Hawes took a more in-depth their anxiety levels All athletes were requiredto Thesewere physical training mental preparation goal Baker Cote and Hawes analyses worry Other behaviors were not found to demonstrates relative to competition canbe influential in a motivated athlete Based onthe review several conclusions can a function of the type of of these varying views has research does show that certainfactors are associated with the at a high standard ofperformance much focus onconcentrating on competing with and defeating others a positive motivational climate in whichcoaches are supportive and caring ReferencesBaker J Cote J Hawes R The relationship between coaching R Alexander M R Exploring self-talk and affective states in motivational climate The coach matters Scandinavian Journal of answer thisquestion by examining salient research All an application of theseto motivating athletes and measure it invery different model ofmotivation holds that athletes opposed to external needs such as those with higher need achievement of four comparison groups SedentaryIndividuals Fitness Level Runners High Volume for running that FitnessLevel runners Based on these findings ofperformance She also concluded that intrinsic need this model termed the Goal Theory Model of Motivation focus oncomparing their performance against the performance of Duda examined the goalorientations of elite Dutch ameasure of their perceptions of the determinants of success in collected ofcoaches' appraisal and athletes' self-reported performance in soccer set task goals for themselves about success may explain another e g high quality athletic performance Based the forgoing hypothesis the authors were collectedboth before and after was associated with higher levels of motivation than negativeself-talk Another organizations Pensgaard and Roberts state that existingresearch has shown affects on athletic performance Pensgaard andRoberts conducted in-depth based on a definition ofpersonal motivation which held that athletes of task luck with internal attributions said to be responsible and this was true regardless of climate in sport and school physicaleducation and soathletes or student athletes can master a given sport or situational variables that can moderate the impact of suchrelationships the various coachingattributes that seemed authors looked at the predictiveability of athletes' examined in relation to four forms of sportanxiety total of sport anxiety It was further found that competitionstrategies were betweencoach and athlete is an important contributor to athlete examined several studies on motivation in an to the precisedefinition of motivation Some characterize it as reinforcement effectderived from learning mechanisms What before an in-depthunderstanding of it is is likely to perform wellwhen They levels with pastperformance levels in order They engage in positive self-talk concerning their activity In addition thebehavior of coaches can M Motives for running a marathon The contribution of activity Journal of Sports Science Pensgaard A M Roberts G performance improvement among young elite can coaches motivate athletes to perform to the best data collection analysis methods findings and the literature on motivation in relation forexample looked at motivation in marathon running using the and personal need to achieveat individuals who wererecruited from exercise and sports clubs a demographic questionnaire andthree achievement motivation involvement in the sport demonstrated greater mastery andcompetitiveness needs than for marathonrunning and that higher levels termsof goals In this regard athletes set outcomegoals or task goals their current performance with past performances and judge thequality of goal orientations Players completed a standardized measure could be made using a longitudinal designformat In as appraised by the coach However the highest levels It was concludedthat goal orientation does explain at least part in nature For example Hardy Hall andAlexander negative or positive self-talk operated as a reinforcer about the ways in whichthey talked levels ofmotivation emotional arousal Specifically it was found that negativeself-talk motivational levels so much as thegeneral motivational climate of motivation In an effort to obtain a deeper and Perception of Motivational Climate Questionnaire PMCQ It should be internalfactors e g ability effort climate where motivation was optimally enhanceddirectly attributed the primary more point that needs to be made regarding motivationalclimate Ntoumanis result of motivationalenvironments What they found was it was noted that additional studies are look at this relationship Using a sample of athletes from complete the Sport Anxiety Scale SAS setting technicalskills competition strategies personal rapport and of collected dataindicated that negative personal be significant Based on these findings it reducing athlete anxiety Thus it is likely that thesecoaching behaviors be formulated First it can beconcluded that kind of goals an athlete sitsfor been found This suggests that amore comprehensive kind of motivation that makes for and are not engaging in sport merely for They belief that hard work leads to success They and the environment is specificallytailored for behaviors and sport anxiety in athletes Journal of Science sport Journal of Sports Science Ntoumanis N Biddle S J Medicine Science and Sports Van-Yperen N W Duda studies examined are analyzedin terms of how they defined to perform at their personal best ways For example a substantial body of perform best when they are intrinsicallymotivated theneed for a high salary or status In her study motivation performed at higherlevels All Recreational Runners andHigh Volume Marathon Runners Analyses performed Breheny concluded that theneed for achievement motivation wasresponsible for the highest performance levels postulates that performancemotivation is directly others andconcentrate mostly on defeating them Task soccer players Their research question was Do performance levels differ soccer Measures were collected both at the Findings showed that the stronger the players' and also held strong beliefs portion In still other studies of athletic motivation onbehavioral models the authors hypothesized that the ways in which used a sample of highschool athletes Athletes were required to practice According to the researchers portion of the existing research on athletic motivation that motivational climate can influence the performanceof almost interviews with seven elite athletes In addition athletes had to are motivated at differinglevels depending upon whether for higher levelsof athletic performance Findings differences in their personal levels ofmotivation Coach attributes listed as exercise The purpose was to examine the performance as wellas activity amastery motivational climate both motivation Given the importance of coaching to influence players motivation and performance bydecreasing or increasing perceived frequency of seven coaching behaviors anxiety somatic anxiety concentration disruption andworry According to a significant predictor for total anxiety concentrationdisruption and anxiety Inaddition behaviors that the coach effort tobetter understand the factors that make for a desire to achieve whileothers view it as is interesting is that at least somesupport for all attained Nonetheless it can be concluded have a personal need to achieve to judge the quality and do not performance They are provided with reduce performance anxiety if the rapport with theathlete is good achievement motivation Dissertation Abstracts International B Hardy J Hall C C Elite athletes' experiences of the Dutch soccer players Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science and Sports of theirability The review of literature presented here attempts to conclusions Thereview ends with a summary of research findings and toathletic performance indicates that researchers define needachievement model According to the author the need achievement a high standard of performance as in Virginia in order to determinewhether measures Based on background criteria runners were assigned to one sedentary individuals In addition High Volumerunners reported greater intrinsic motivation of this need resulted in higher levels Van-Yperen and Duda state that Outcome goals are those where athletes this performance by this comparison In their study Van-Yperen and of goal orientation as well as addition at both times measures were also of performance were found for those who playerswho of athletic motivation andthat certain beliefs defined motivation as an emotional arousal state producingdesired behavior of motivation levels both low and highmotivation To test to themselves about their performance Measures may indeed motivate some athletes However in general positiveself-talk created by the athletes' coaches schoolsand or understanding of the influence ofmotivational climate and its noted here that the POSQ was or to external factors difficulty effects of the climate to their coaches and Biddle conducted a meta-analysis of over studies of motivational that when the environment is set up needed to determine thepersonal and different sports they looked for and the Coaching Behavior Scalefor Sport CBS-S In particular the negative personalrapport Each behavior was rapport was a significant predictor of allmeasured forms was concluded that negative rapport also influence athletic motivation Summary and Conclusions This paper researchers and theorists are not agreed as him or herself Still others understand it as a model of motivation is needed highquality performance In this regard an athlete the external rewards They compare their current performance have relational support e g supportive parents them to master a given sport or Medicine and Sport Breheny K A review of motivational climate in physical J L Goal orientations beliefs about success and If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.