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INJURIES OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN ORGANIZED ATHLETICS.
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Essay Subject:
Compares football & soccer. Argues against football.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Compares football & soccer. Argues against football.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine the physiological effects of participation by young people in organized athletics. The focus of the report will be directed primarily to analyzing and comparing the dangers of football and soccer, two of the most popular sports in the grade and high schools.
Injuries incurred on the field of play have been common since the ancient Greeks refined the art of athletic contests and competition. Today the problem of physical impairment from athletics has taken on a new, much more formidable dimension in the United States because of the tremendous growth of participatory sports. The availability of equipment, facilities, and organization--there are now thousands of scholastic and community-run leagues--as well as the compulsion to keep the body
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[11]J. In a poll of 9 orthopedic surgeons concerning preadolescent athleticcompetition, 75 percent of the doctors concluded that such organizedathletic competition should be discouraged, especially in sports thatinvolve body contact and body fatigue. Nor can a youngster alwaysrespond to the rigorous workouts prescribed by a coach who all toofrequently is unaware of the limited capabilities of his team members andinadvertently overtaxes them. Sports Medicine. Lloyd, George Deaver, and Floyd Eastwood, Safety inAthletics (Philadelphia: W. Duke. With football there can be little question. TheAmerican Academy of Pediatricians stated that "football is a collisionsport which involves risk depending upon conditions for practice, thefield, the play and the supervision."[6] This medical academy alsostressed that there was a pressing need for a ban on body contact sportsfor boys 12 and under.[7] Youngsters are particularly susceptible to injuries whenparticipating in rugged sports because of the lack of development of thebodily factors related to athletics. Larson, Elmer Spreitzer, and Eldon Snyder, "An Analysis ofOrganized Sports for Children," The Physical Educator, May 1976, 59. Dr. Robert Kerlan, one of the mostprominent and active sports surgeons in America today, suggested, "In themore skilled sports the pain threshold is lower than in football. Within the last decade the number ofparticipants in both organized football and organized soccer at thepreadolescent level (ages nine to 13) has grown dramatically. [16]Don White, "Indiana and 'Socker,'" Sunday Courier and Press(Evansville, IN), 12 December 1976. W. S. W., and Walter Cooper. D. "An Analysis of Organized Sports." The Physical Educator, May 1976.Larson, Robert L. It is unlikely, because of the pervasive influence of football in oursociety and the savoring of violence by participants and spectators alike,that football will be replaced by soccer or anything else as the number onesport. Larson. Anindividual has to have an extremely high pain threshold to playfootball."[1 ] Because of the documented hazards of tackle football, various studiesand reports have called for the abolishment of football for preadolescents. In New York, a research group isconducting extensive testing in the area of physical signs of maturity as ameans of determining whether or not a boy's body has developed sufficientlyto withstand the crushing contact of tackle football.[17] It is up to thecommunity and educational establishments to impose and enforce strictregulations on participation in contact sports. Rarick, "Maturation," in The Encyclopedia of SportsScience and Medicine, ed. "Physiological and PhysicalImplications of Highly Competitive Sports for Children." The PhysicalEducator, May 1976."The Dangers in Sports for Kids." Editorial. Football, the researchersdetermined, was the cause of more injuries than any other organized sportfor boys 15 years and younger.[11] And further study has shown that in theprocess of body development the rate of injury from football increases.Since it is impossible for even the foremost medical experts to determinethe biological hows and whys of pain or how people experience pain, it canbe assumed that the human body, be it youthful or old, can never be trulyprepared to accept the punishment it receives from playing tackle football. "Maturation." In Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine, ed. The injury rate for this groupvaries from 5 to 86 percent. So You'd Like to Know More about Soccer. [5]Lawrence G. "Indiana and 'Socker.'" Sunday Courier and Press (Evansville, IN), 12 December 1976.----------------------- [1]Sophie Gerber, "Are Kids Too Young to Avoid Sports Injuries,"Science Digest, October 1975, 45. A recurring injury in tacklefootball is bone damage. E.C. This evidence has prompted severaldoctors in the field of sports medicine to express the belief that thepreadolescent knee is not as vulnerable a target as it is in olderathletes.[15] It must be recognized, however, that football is extremely dangerous. [14]"The Dangers in Sports for Kids" (editorial), Changing Times, April1976, 28. The first category includes injuries which result fromaccidents, primarily blows to the body, concussions and falls. Leonard A. One out of three children under the age of 15 is hurt badlyenough to warrant a doctor's care--although scores of serious ailments gounreported. "Winning Isn't Everything." Sunday Courier and Press (Evansville, IN), 2 January 1977.Stier, William F. BibliographyAster, Gerald. In all, 12 million children suffer some form of permanentphysical impairment on the playing field before they reach 18.[1] An outgrowth of this epidemic has been a concentrated effort on thepart of doctors and athletic supervisors to reduce the rising number ofharmful and handicapping injuries to both adults and youth. The Changing Times, April 1976.Dellastatious, J. But despite football-crazy athletic directors and coaches who viewsoccer as foreign and played only by "sissies," the game is gaining supportamong young people. [9]Joseph S. Hussey, "Editorials," Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 13 September 1976. [4]Gerber, 45. G. As they do, itbecomes imperative that tighter controls be employed to limit the hazardsfor the boys who participate. Witnessing youthful performers on television, notably atthe Olympic Games, inspires children to test their abilities. At a young age, boys' bodies are not able totolerate excessive physical abuse. While growth occurs the bonesand joints lack the normal protection of covering muscles and supportingtendons, thus escalating the possibility of dislocation and permanentinjury to the bones.[8] Currently, there are 1.2 million persons participating in organizedtackle football in the United States. "Are Kids Too Young to Avoid Sports Injuries?" Science Digest, October 1975.Hussey, Hugh H. B. "Knee Injuries in the Adolescent Athlete." In Sports Medicine: Incidence and Treatment of Athletic Injuries, ed. The most serious injuries are thoseaffecting the head, neck and vertebrae. Nonetheless, soccer isenjoying a new popularity, among young boys as well as girls. New York: Macmillan, 1971.Rose, K. [1 ]Mark Kram, "The Faces of Pain," Sports Illustrated, 8 March 1976,6 . "Environmental Factors of Childhood Competitive Sports for Young Athletes." The Physical Educator, March 1971.Elkow, J. Saunders, 1939.Rarick, L. [13]William Schiffman, "Winning Isn't Everything," The Sunday Courierand Press (Evansville, IN), 2 January 1977. Preadolescent Development. Percy. Washington, D. Nationally, 17 million Americans are hurt each year whileplaying games. In onecase the victim was drilling with a padded tackling dummy (inside thepadding was a thick steel pipe that supported the apparatus); upon impactthe boy's head snapped back. Charles Peter Yost. Washington, D. Touch and flag football have been usedexperimentally with positive results. The question of a child's endurance has begun to receive theattention it justifiably deserves. A joint effort by public and private grade schools ledto the formation of junior leagues, and the sponsorship of Pepsi-Colahelped triple the size of the Evansville, Indiana Youth Soccer program.[16] But football programs also continue to flourish. [17]Gerber, 45-52.----------------------- 1 Evidence deflating the argument that football producesan abnormally high number of critical injuries among young males waspresented by Dr. Richard Godshall in a report on the Junior Football Leaguein Souderton, Pennsylvania. Transferred to a hospital, a teamof doctors was unsuccessful in repairing the damage done to the brain.This may be an example of faulty or hazardous equipment, but the tacklingdummy is an integral part of football practice--as are fatalities, whichaverage two per 1 , participants and occur in football training campseach year.[9] Tackle football has been proclaimed the leading cause of injury toplayers between the ages of six and 18, according to a National SafetyCouncil report. New York: Winchester Press, 1973.Torg, Joseph S., T. The purpose of this research is to examine the physiological effectsof participation by young people in organized athletics. Quedenfeld, Edward Thieler, and Gregory Lignelli. Theobsession with football and deification of its superstars have sent manyboys into Pop Warner or other junior leagues far too prematurely, beforetheir bodies are capable of withstanding the strain and exertion ofrigorous contact. [12]Hugh H. Kenneth Hafner, a sports doctor,when it comes to safe participation in interscholastic or community-sponsored athletic competition, "the child's readiness is everything."[4]A youth unprepared for protracted physical endeavor faces very real threatsto his health. [15]J. [8]Edmund J. Torg et al., "Collision with Spring-Loaded FootballTackling and Blocking Dummies," Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 13 September 1976. "The Face of Pain." Sports Illustrated, 8 March 1976.Larson, David, Elmer Spreitzer, and Eldon Snyder. The focus of thereport will be directed primarily to analyzing and comparing the dangers offootball and soccer, two of the most popular sports in the grade and highschools. "Editorials." Journal of the American Medical Association, 13 September 1976.Harris, Paul E. "Organized Athletic Competition for Elementary School Pupils." Selected Problems in Sports Safety. Preliminary evidence suggeststhat soccer, with less emphasis on physical contact, is the less dangeroussport. This is particularly true in football, a sport that exploits thevulnerability of preadolescent males. It has been proven to beharmful to young--as well as adult and professional--participants. New York: Academy Press, 1974.Schiffman, William. Time spent in a cast or under the careof a physical therapist can alter a young person's life and set back thenormal process of physical as well as psychological maturation. "Collision with Spring-Loaded Football Tackling and Blocking Dummies." Journal of the American Medical Association, 13 September 1976.Thornburg, Hershal D. Proponents of tacklefootball have presented data suggesting that as a child grows, theincidence of knee problems increases. Todaythe problem of physical impairment from athletics has taken on a new, muchmore formidable dimension in the United States because of the tremendousgrowth of participatory sports. Dellastatious and Walter Cooper, "The Physiological Aspectsof Competitive Sports for Young Athletes," The Physical Educator, March197 , 3-5. Many boys can handle the rigors of themore physical game. Philadelphia: W. During a 12-year period in which the study wasundertaken, approximately 17 boys took part in the junior footballprogram. Only two major injuries were reported, both of them legfractures. Whereas the pain and pitfalls of playing football are self-evident,what has been neglected is the aftermath, the effect of injuries on thosewho have been disabled. A 1 -year survey conducted by fourorthopedists arrived at a similar conclusion. It jeopardizes the health and sometimes the lives of youthfulparticipants, and a critical injury can have a disastrous effect on themental and emotional health of a preadolescent. J. The violent nature of football accounts for much of thephysiological damage. "Block That Fracture." New York Times Magazine, 1 November 1974.Burke, Edmund J., and Douglas Kleiber. Information Corporation, 1973.Lloyd, Frank, George Deaver, and Floyd Eastwood. C.: The National Education AssociationPublications, 1971), 322. The availability of equipment, facilities,and organization--there are now thousands of scholastic and community-runleagues--as well as the compulsion to keep the body trim and fit havecontributed to the upsurge of young and old people engaging in athletics.Hand in hand with an increase in participants has come an increase ininjuries. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974.White, Don. C.: National Education Association Publications, 1971.Gerber, Sophie. Burke and Douglas Kleiber, "Psychological and PhysicalImplications of Highly Competitive Sports for Children," The PhysicalEducator, May 1976, 65. The failure to do so willresult in the continuation of soaring injury rates among young people andwill create a generation of cripples. For these reasons and others, medical analysts are pleased to see thestepped-up conversion from football to soccer in many parts of the country. [6]Larson, Spreitzer, and Snyder, 59. Leonard A. Duke Elkow, "The Injury Problem in Sports," Sports Safety, ed.Charles Peter Yost (Washington, D. [7]Gerald Aster, "Block That Fracture," New York Times Magazine, 1 November 1974, 8 . "The Physiological Aspects of Competitive Sports for Young Athletes." The Physical Educator, March 197 .Dowell, L. S. At the same time he cautioned that other more aggressively playedsports "play havoc" with a child's mind and body and that youngsters arenot prepared physically or mentally to play full-scale adult games.[13] It is not, however, a clear-cut case of soccer being better suitedthan football for young athletes. C.: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1975.Sullivan, George. Although there were numerous minor fractures, sprains and othernon-critical ailments, Dr. Godshall's data revealed findings contradictoryto most similar research. Because the muscles of a youngster have notdeveloped sufficient strength to assure protective support, a jarringimpact can do lasting damage to a young boy. According to Dr. J. And one ofthe most frequently crippling injuries incurred by collegiate andprofessional players--damage to cartilage and tissue in the knee and kneejoint--has not been widespread among younger players. Injuries incurred on the field of play have been common since theancient Greeks refined the art of athletic contests and competition. [3]David L. The AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics, responding to the need for examination of thepotential harm to injured children, identified two general categories ofinjuries. The othercategory encompasses injuries involving the trauma of the tissues andorgans that may follow excessive physical stress.[5] The question of whether football is more physiologically detrimentalto young males than soccer is being debated throughout the country inschool and park and recreation committees. Saunders, 1939), 432. New York: M. The NationalSafety Council has begun a fact-finding program designed to identify thecauses of injuries and find ways of preventing them.[2] An attempt toinsure proper care and supervision for injured athletes was initiated bythe American Alliance of Health, Physical Education and Recreation whichissued a policy statement that read: "Unless a school or community canprovide exemplary supervision--medical and educational--it should notundertake a program of competitive sports at the preadolescent level."[3] Because of the pervasive influence of sports in American society,children are conditioned to begin practicing and honing their skills at avery young age. B. Sports for Your Child. Garrick, head of the departmentof Sports Medicine at the University of Washington, stated that "youthsoccer, even among large programs, to date has had so few injuries that nodata is available to be analyzed." Umberto Tosi, author of a book entitled Sports Psyching--Playing YourBest Game All the Time, praised the implementation of junior soccerleagues. Manhattan Beach, CA: Soccer for Americans,1973.Kram, Mark. "The younger the participant, the less risk ofinjury," Godshall concluded.[14] There have also been studies that have produced results thatchallenge the indictments of tackle football for grade school boys.Endurance training at an early age has been shown to be physicallybeneficial, aiding in the development of muscles and the lungs. Damage in these areas has almostalways been the cause attributed to death from football accidents. He remained conscious but experienced animmediate numbing in his arms and legs. [2]Frank S. Oftentimes, the intricate surgical operations anddilatory and trying ordeal of rehabilitation can impede the growth patternsof adolescents and preadolescents. Safety in Athletics. C. "Cardiac Contusions Resulting from 'Spearing' in Football." Archives of Internal Medicine, 1966.Ryan, Allan, and Fred Allman. Although this early assessment may prove to be accurate,statistical informatlion is not readily available due to the relativelyrecent introduction of soccer on a wide scale. A preadolescent boy does not possessthe agility, strength, speed or endurance to imitate what he might seeprofessional football players do on television. Larson (New York: MacMillan, 1971),156 . "The Injury Problem in Sports." In Sports Safety, ed. D. Soccer players are much less susceptible to serious injury than football,the game requiring more finesse and deemphasis of body contact andcollisions.[12] In a 1974 study, Dr. J. A hard blow to the body canalso impair the workings of the joints which are considered vulnerable toinjury in the estimation of 69 percent of a panel of orthopedic surgeonsquestioned on the effects of contact sports.
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