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| Essays on SCIENCE: BIOLOGY
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PLANTS & ELECTRICITY.
Term Paper ID:24279
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Essay Subject:
Negative effects of electrical fields on plant development & growth: root elongation, electrotropism, flowering, more.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
11 sources, 14 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Negative effects of electrical fields on plant development & growth: root elongation, electrotropism, flowering, more.
Paper Introduction:
Recently there has been considerable public concern and scientific interest over the hazards associated with exposure of plants to extremely low frequency electrical fields (60-Hz), particularly those related to high voltage electric transmission lines. Using specific examples, this paper discusses the detrimental impact of such electric field on various aspects of plant development and growth including root elongation and electrotropism, phloem transport efficiency, species susceptibility and flowering rhythms.
Each plant cell consists of a highly conductive cytoplasmic core surrounded by a thin insulating plasma membrane which is in turn surrounded by a porous - but rigid - cell wall. The insulating plasma membrane plays a prominent role in the electrochemical balance between the cell cytoplasm and the
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PHOSPHOLIPASE.
Term Paper ID:24174
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Essay Subject:
Examines significance & nature of biochemical activation mechanism of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in phospholipids in animals & plants.... More...
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36 Pages / 8100 Words
19 sources, 102 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Examines significance & nature of biochemical activation mechanism of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in phospholipids in animals & plants.
Paper Introduction:
PHOSPHOLIPASE & ITS ACTIVATION MECHANISM
Introduction
Phospholipase refers to a number of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of specific ester bonds in phospholipids. The individual enzymes are categorized by the bond they hydrolyze and as carboxylic acid esterases or phosphodiesterases. Phospholipase A1 (p. A1) and phospholipase A2 (p. A2) are classified as carboxylic acid esterases and phospholipase C (p. C) and phospholipase D (p. D) are classified as phosphodiesterases.
Phospholipases are of the family of enzymes called hydrolases which use water to catalyze the degradation of biological molecules to their component parts; phospholipases use water to degrade phospholipid molecules. Phospholipase
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COLUMBINE.
Term Paper ID:24034
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Essay Subject:
Examines North Amer. wildflower. Classification, structure, pollination, fruit, leaves, variety.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
5 sources, 8 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Examines North Amer. wildflower. Classification, structure, pollination, fruit, leaves, variety.
Paper Introduction:
A discussion of the columbine, a North American wildflower, will provide some background information on the plant's flowers, reproductive aspects, cellular appearance, root system, and diversity. The common and scientific names for the plant were first given in reference to the European species of columbine. This is especially true in the use of Aquiligia. It means "eagle," and refers to the spurs of the flowers, which are bent at their tips like the talons of an eagle. A charming description of the flower is in the common name, columbine, which comes from columba, meaning "dove"; the five petals resemble five doves drinking at a dish.
Columbines are in the genus Aquilegia, which is in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. The U.S. native wild columbine in the East, A. candenensis, can be recognized by its red and
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ORANGUTAN.
Term Paper ID:23987
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Essay Subject:
Adaptation, coloring, threats to, tool use, solitariness, breeding, conservation efforts.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
5 sources, 14 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Adaptation, coloring, threats to, tool use, solitariness, breeding, conservation efforts.
Paper Introduction:
The orangutan has been studied in its natural environment since 1712 when the Englishman Captain Daniel Beekman visited South Borneo. In 1776, the first orangutans reached Europe. They had been brought to Amsterdam for the natural science collection of Prince William V, and soon more followed. Studying the orangutan in its natural environment has not been easy however, because the "red ape" is the most solitary and elusive of the primates.
As late as the early 1960s, Tom Harisson, curator of the Sarawak Museum, first pointed out the sorry predicament of the orangutans (they were being shot and sold as museum specimens). Even by this time, next to nothing was known about their private lives. In terms of primary research, it is only since the great field studies initiated in Borneo and Sumatra by such inspired
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HERMIT CRAB SHELL SELECTION.
Term Paper ID:23946
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Essay Subject:
Examines crabs' complex decision making process in picking shells to dwell in.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
5 sources, 7 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Examines crabs' complex decision making process in picking shells to dwell in.
Paper Introduction:
INTRODUCTION
Research is currently being pursued in shell selection by the hermit crab. Hermit crabs usually are found in empty gastropod shells, seeking protection from predators, desiccation, and other hermit crabs. The hermit crab does not seem to select a place to stay at random but rather appears to have a selection process. Precisely what this process is and how the crab makes a decision as to what shell to select and what shell to reject is the subject of much research.
Hermit crabs are considered ideal for research into decision making of this sort. When an animal stops performing one activity, it must decide what activity to perform next, and this is called a "decision point." At any time, causal factors for several different potential activities are likely present, and
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POLAR FISH.
Term Paper ID:23943
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Essay Subject:
Examines extreme environment & need for & action of fishes' antifreeze glycopeptides.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
4 sources, 14 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Examines extreme environment & need for & action of fishes' antifreeze glycopeptides.
Paper Introduction:
This is an examination of the need and the mode of action of antifreeze glycopeptides found in polar fishes, especially the fishes of the Antarctic region. Continental drift working over geologic time periods caused the Antarctic continent to move from a temperate to a polar environment. The development of the Antarctic Convergence flowing along the edge of Antarctic waters created a thermal barrier which further isolated the local environment. The most important suborder of fishes inhabiting Antarctic waters, the Notothenioidei, underwent fundamental adaptations which allowed them not only to survive in the harsh environment, but eventually to prosper. The greatest danger to the fishes of supercooled waters like the Antarctic is the formation of ice. To counter the danger of lethal ice formation, the notothenioids have developed the ability to produce
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HUMAN MATE SELECTION.
Term Paper ID:23921
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Essay Subject:
Biological & cultural needs & drives which determine pairing for marriage & children.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
4 sources, 20 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Biological & cultural needs & drives which determine pairing for marriage & children.
Paper Introduction:
This paper is a study of the drives that affect mate selection in human beings. Biology determines certain universal preferences that all individuals share when they seek a marriage partner. Preferences for other traits are dictated by the individual's cultural background and gender; gender differences are dictated primarily by biological forces as well, while cultural preferences vary as a result of local attitudes and traditions. While marriage customs vary widely among cultures, many of the essential reasons driving the impetus to create pair-bonds remain constant. Marriage, whatever its specific cultural form, exists across all cultures because it fulfills the basic human drive to perpetuate the species. However it may be manifested, pair-bonding in some form remains the best way to assure the continuation of humanity.
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"BEAK OF THE FINCH, THE" (JONATHAN WEINER).
Term Paper ID:23903
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Essay Subject:
Reviews work on development of theory of evolution from Darwin through early 1990s.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
1 sources, 9 Citations,
Format
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Paper Abstract:
Reviews work on development of theory of evolution from Darwin through early 1990s.
Paper Introduction:
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MANDRILLS & SAVANNA BABOONS.
Term Paper ID:23861
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Essay Subject:
Examines social organization of two simian primate baboon species. Demographics, sex-specific size, appearance, life expectancy, habitats.... More...
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11 Pages / 2475 Words
27 sources, 47 Citations,
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$44.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines social organization of two simian primate baboon species. Demographics, sex-specific size, appearance, life expectancy, habitats.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine the social organization of two simian primate baboon species, the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) and savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which social structures of these species assume significance and then to discuss demographical features of each species, notably sex-specific size, appearance, sexual configuration and behavior, life expectancy, and both natural and artificial habitats.
The interplay of environment and behavior and the implications of nonhuman primate physical health and behavior for human health and behavior suggest in general terms why the study of primates has significance in the modern period. In particular, evidence of primate social structure is suggestive because it demon
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WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA.
Term Paper ID:23814
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Essay Subject:
Evolution & phylogeny, range, habitat, survival adaptations, food, brains, population.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
5 sources, 5 Citations,
OTHER Format
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Paper Abstract:
Evolution & phylogeny, range, habitat, survival adaptations, food, brains, population.
Paper Introduction:
Gorilla gorilla gorilla, otherwise known as the Western lowland gorilla, has not been as well studied as its ethnic relative, the eastern mountain gorilla. This paper will examine the lowland gorilla in detail, with attention to the following topics: evolution and phylogeny; range (extent, climate, and vegetation) habitat and niche, including metabolic features; physiological adoptions for survival; status of endangerment; and anatomical adoptions for survival, including population trends. In addition, three figures, mentioned in the text, will help illustrate several of the above topics.
The Western lowland gorilla's scientific name is Gorilla. It belongs to the family Pongidae, and its common name is gorilla. G. g. gorilla is a subspecies of the single species G. gorilla. The Western lowland gorilla is found in extreme
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BIOLOGY & GENDER.
Term Paper ID:23796
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Essay Subject:
Impact of physical differences on male & female behavior & identity, compared to sociological influences.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
4 sources, 29 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Impact of physical differences on male & female behavior & identity, compared to sociological influences.
Paper Introduction:
The Influence of Biologic Differences on Gender Behavior
The following paper attempts to elucidate, integrate, and discuss recent research on the influence of biologic differences between males and females on gender behavior. The purpose of such discussion is to search for a more objective understanding of gender behavior apart from myths and stereotypes.
The issue of gender seems to go far beyond the processes whereby one acquires a sense of maleness or femaleness. Society ascribes a set of behaviors that are considered normal and appropriate for one’s particular sex. These normative standards are labeled gender roles or sex roles. Being assigned a gender role means one must conform to certain assumptions about how to behave. For example, men in this society are expected to act independently and aggressively, while women are supposed to be dep
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OLESTRA.
Term Paper ID:23785
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Essay Subject:
Fat-free food additive. Development, testing, FDA approval, chemistry, uses, market issues, safety & side effects.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
13 sources, 37 Citations,
APA Format
$32.00
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Paper Abstract:
Fat-free food additive. Development, testing, FDA approval, chemistry, uses, market issues, safety & side effects.
Paper Introduction:
OLESTRA
Olestra is a chemical fat-free food additive which was conditionally approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on January 24, 1996 for use in savory snack foods. A major new food product developed by Proctor & Gamble (P&G) at great expense, potato chips containing olestra underwent test marketing in supermarkets in three American cities, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Cedar Rapids, Iowa and Grand Junction, Colorado in May and June, 1996). Olestra potato chips will soon to be introduced on a mass-marketing basis in retail stores throughout the nation. This latest addition to the junk food market has generated considerable controversy because of concerns expressed in health and scientific quarters regarding its possibly deleterious effects on human health.
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CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS & PROTEINS.
Term Paper ID:23700
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Essay Subject:
Examines role of these carbon compounds in human diet & nutrition, related to organic chemistry.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
8 sources, 8 Citations,
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$36.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines role of these carbon compounds in human diet & nutrition, related to organic chemistry.
Paper Introduction:
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon compounds are central to the existence of every life form on earth. They make up the muscles of animals and human, the stems and leaves of plants, the molecules that transfer genetic information, protective clothing, hydrocarbons that breakdown to provide the energy for transport, and perhaps most important the food products for nutrition. In this paper, aspects of the relationship between organic chemistry and the three major food groups - carbohydrates, lipids and proteins - are explored.
An enormous amount of time and energy is spent preparing and eating the food that sustains and maintains human health. Consuming food is pleasurable and culturally significant, as exemplified by the holiday meals at Christmas, Hanukah, and the celebrations at wedding receptions. As a result of the abundance
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EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS IN SONGBIRDS.
Term Paper ID:23698
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Essay Subject:
Causes, effects, frequency, theories & examples of females' mating with more than one male.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
11 sources, 12 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Causes, effects, frequency, theories & examples of females' mating with more than one male.
Paper Introduction:
EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS IN SONGBIRDS
Introduction
Studies demonstrate that female birds engage in copulations with males other than their mate and these extra-pair copulations (EPCs) may result in extra-pair fertilizations. The frequency of extra-pair paternity varies among populations or years within the same species. The question remains, regarding why females mate with more than one male (Dunn, Robertson, Michaud-Freeman, & Boag, 1994). To answer this question, researchers attempt to determine factors related to EPCs and propose theories regarding EPCs. Naturalistic, observational, and experimental studies confirm hypotheses regarding prevalence, adaptive functioning, sexual selection, and fledgling adoption.
Extra-pair Copulation Frequency
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AMER. CROCODILE.
Term Paper ID:23527
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Essay Subject:
Nature, history, reduction of population & endangerment of animal by hunters & developers.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
4 sources, 22 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Nature, history, reduction of population & endangerment of animal by hunters & developers.
Paper Introduction:
Protecting the American Crocodile
This paper will focus on the American crocodile. The discussion will show that the American crocodile needs to be protected. Moreover, the paper will point out some of the reasons why the American crocodile needs protecting.
The American crocodile is a unique species which differs from its foreign relatives, the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the Australian crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni), the South American Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger), and the Indo-Pacific crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Unfortunately, crocodiles outside of the United States are responsible for nearly 3,000 human mutilations yearly (Alderton 22). Theses deaths, coupled with the prominent position that crocodiles maintain in the
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FLUID REGULATION IN WEIGHTLESS STATE.
Term Paper ID:23440
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Essay Subject:
Examines research studies & space flight experiments measuring body fluid changes for scientific & medical purposes.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
11 sources, 34 Citations,
OTHER Format
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Paper Abstract:
Examines research studies & space flight experiments measuring body fluid changes for scientific & medical purposes.
Paper Introduction:
Fluid Regulation in a Microgravity Environment
The extraterrestrial environment presents human beings with innumerable physiologic challenges. Astronauts engaged in space flight may experience alteration of their bodily fluids and electrolyte balance. Weightlessness generally causes a reduction in total fluid volume. In addition, there is typically a cephalad redistribution of the blood and other body fluids. This cephalad shift initiates a series of compensatory mechanisms, many of which involve hormonal fluctuations. Unfortunately, data collected from human subjects during actual space flight is rather scarce. This paucity has led to the use of various ground-based weightlessness simulations. Two important experimental techniques include the water immersion and bed rest methods. Unfortunately though, despite the considerable research
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BABOONS.
Term Paper ID:23266
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Essay Subject:
Protection, classification, diet, grouping behavior, mating, social bonding, defensive strategy, child-rearing.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
8 sources, 28 Citations,
APA Format
$48.00
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Paper Abstract:
Protection, classification, diet, grouping behavior, mating, social bonding, defensive strategy, child-rearing.
Paper Introduction:
Baboons
The baboons that have undergone remarkable evolutionary change. Overall, the species demonstrate considerable diversity. For example, the baboons' different social systems permit them to occupy various ecological niches. In addition, the animals are inherently flexible. Thus, they readily adjust to changing environmental influences.
Depending on the choice of classification system, there are currently between 150 and 180 living primate species. Of these, 50-60 primate species, or one-third of the total, occur on the African continent. While these primates are widely distributed, many species occupy well-defined ecological niches covering small geographic areas. These small communities need to be protected. Such conservation could take the form of education programs,
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VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION.
Term Paper ID:23128
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Essay Subject:
Sexual & seasonal factors, types, care of young, fertilization in fish, reptiles, birds, mammals. Outline.... More...
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13 Pages / 2925 Words
12 sources, 50 Citations,
OTHER Format
$52.00
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Paper Abstract:
Sexual & seasonal factors, types, care of young, fertilization in fish, reptiles, birds, mammals. Outline.
Paper Introduction:
Vertebrate Reproduction: An Outline
I. Introduction.
II. General features of vertebrate reproduction.
A. Sexual reproduction.
B. Seasonal reproduction.
C. Polygamy versus monogamy.
D. Oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
E. Caring for the young.
III. Phylum Chordata.
A. Amphioxus.
IV. Superclass Agnatha.
A. Lamprey.
V. Superclass Gnathostomata.
A. Elasmobranchii.
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HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
Term Paper ID:22944
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Essay Subject:
Describes male & female systems in fertile & infertile conditions, causes of dysfunction.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
6 sources, 20 Citations,
OTHER Format
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Paper Abstract:
Describes male & female systems in fertile & infertile conditions, causes of dysfunction.
Paper Introduction:
The Endocrinology of Infertility
The female and male reproductive systems share many similarities. Both are modulated by the effects of various hormones. Some of these include gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Likewise, endocrine abnormalities in both females and males can result in reproductive system dysfunction. Among females, progesterone deficiency may cause infertility. In males, sterility can result from insufficient gonadotropins.
Human reproduction requires the complex interplay of multiple anatomic and physiologic systems. Various interactions between the central nervous system and the gonads determine the levels of various hormones. These endocrine signals provide a mechanism by which different reproductive system processes are
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SEROTONIN.
Term Paper ID:22767
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Essay Subject:
Examines possible role of this neurotransmitter in fight against depression.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
11 sources, 29 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Examines possible role of this neurotransmitter in fight against depression.
Paper Introduction:
Is Serotonin a Shared Chemical Pathway for Depression?
Serotonin, scientifically termed 5-hydroxytryptamine or
5-HT, was first discovered in research and crystallized 40 years ago. Neuroscientists have determined that 5-HT is a major neurotransmitter involved in a number of physiological processes such as sleep, thermoregulation, appetite control, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, endocrine regulation and muscle contraction. Additionally, it is implicated in the "mechanism of action of various pharmacological agents (anxiolytic agents, antidepressants, hallucinogenic agents)" (Cannon, 1991, p. 132). After studying 5-HT for over 25 years Page concluded that "no physiological substance has been discovered that has such diverse actions in the body as serotonin" (Cannon, 1991, p. 132). The question which
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LONG-HORNED SCULPIN.
Term Paper ID:22650
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Essay Subject:
Biology of seafloor-dwelling fish. Size, features, color, reproduction.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
18 sources, 49 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Biology of seafloor-dwelling fish. Size, features, color, reproduction.
Paper Introduction:
The Long-Horned Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus)
The sculpins, or cottids, are a widespread family. The fish live near the sea floor. Perhaps they are most easily recognized by their eyes. These are large, and placed high on the head. To some, the cottids may appear strange-looking, or even ugly. Nonetheless, the fish are important ecologically. The long-horned variety, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, is an unremarkable sculpin.
Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus belongs to the phylum Chordata, the subphylum Vertebrata, and the superclass Gnathostomata. A ray-finned fish, M. octodecimspinosus is also a member of the class Actinopterygii. The species further belongs in the division Teleostei, the subdivision Euteleostei, the superorder Acanthopterygii, and the order Scorpaeniformes (Nelson
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AQUACULTURE.
Term Paper ID:22522
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Essay Subject:
Analyzes fish farm industry, focusing on shrimp. Technology, environmental management, law & policy, economic theory related to property rights, global issues. Table.... More...
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20 Pages / 4500 Words
20 sources, 38 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$80.00
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Paper Abstract:
Analyzes fish farm industry, focusing on shrimp. Technology, environmental management, law & policy, economic theory related to property rights, global issues. Table.
Paper Introduction:
SHRIMP AQUACULTURE
Introduction
This research examines the shrimp aquaculture industry. The functioning of the industry is reviewed within the contexts of (1) economics and resource management, (2) biological and technological aspects of shrimp aquaculture, and (3) environmental management, law, and policy. Throughout this examination, special attention, where appropriate and feasible, is devoted to the shrimp aquaculture industries in both Ecuador and Taiwan (Republic of China).
Economics and Resource Management
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) estimated that aquaculture accounted for 12 percent of global fish product
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NORWAY RAT.
Term Paper ID:22493
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Essay Subject:
History, nomenclature, domestication, lifespan, diet, behavior, laboratory use.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
9 sources, 28 Citations,
OTHER Format
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Paper Abstract:
History, nomenclature, domestication, lifespan, diet, behavior, laboratory use.
Paper Introduction:
The Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
The Norway rat is easily maintained and relatively resistant to disease. During the past century, R. norvegicus has become increasingly important as a laboratory animal. At present, the rodent is extensively employed in both biomedical and behavioral research studies.
Rattus norvegicus adult males range in weight from 450 to 520 grams. In contrast, at between 250 and 300 grams, the females of the species are somewhat smaller (2:49). The animal's coat is typically brown, although mink, pearl, and albino mutants do exist. The mink rat is a light brown with a variable light or white undercolor; the pearl rat is white with dark brown pigment in the tips of its hairs (7:142).
The zoological nomenclature for the Norway rat was devised
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THE WOLF.
Term Paper ID:22219
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Essay Subject:
Territory, population, diet, pack behavior, sanctioned kills, as endangered species, reintroduction to Wyoming, future.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
12 sources, 22 Citations,
OTHER Format
$32.00
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Paper Abstract:
Territory, population, diet, pack behavior, sanctioned kills, as endangered species, reintroduction to Wyoming, future.
Paper Introduction:
Wolves
The status of the wolf in the United States is becoming more secure. The wolf has made a comeback in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin. It is currently being reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. In Alaska, sanctioned kills are vehemently discussed. Hunters in Michigan are complaining that the number of wolves living in the forests are killing too many deer. Since 1975, wolves have been spotted in Wisconsin. After many years of having a bounty on their heads, the last bounty was paid in 1965 in Minnesota, and the wolves have returned. It is time to begin managing this population to control the deer herds and to reintroduce wolf packs as a top-line predator in other parts of the country.
Territory
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FETAL TISSUE RESEARCH.
Term Paper ID:22210
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Essay Subject:
Ethical pros & cons, medical & scientific benefits (Parkinson's disease treatment), legality, definition of life.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
7 sources, 14 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Ethical pros & cons, medical & scientific benefits (Parkinson's disease treatment), legality, definition of life.
Paper Introduction:
Fetal tissue research is an ethical battlefield, the controversial nature of which is exacerbated by its link to the abortion issue. In question is the moral status of the fetus versus the scientific imperative to perform biomedical research for the benefit of society. Pro-life advocates contend that the fetus is a living person deserving of respect, even in death. Many in the scientific community regard the fetus as nonessential living tissue of unsurpassed value in clinical and basic experiments. In between these two opposing viewpoints is an elusive middle ground.
Fetal cells possess remarkable characteristics that are highly prized by medical researchers and practitioners. These cells are highly durable and can thrive under conditions that would thwart the viability of adult cells. Once transplanted,
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CALCIUM-DEPENDENT ATPASE.
Term Paper ID:22168
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Essay Subject:
Analytic techniques for understanding processes involving common eukaryotic enzyme.... More...
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13 Pages / 2925 Words
11 sources, 52 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Analytic techniques for understanding processes involving common eukaryotic enzyme.
Paper Introduction:
Calcium-Dependent ATPase: Analytic Techniques
A common eukaryotic enzyme, calcium-dependent ATPase has been extensively investigated. The ion-transport enzyme uses energy derived from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to move Ca2+ against a concentration gradient. Innumerable techniques have been applied to Ca2+-ATPase analyses. These have included proteolytic, genetic, immunologic, and molecular approaches.
Calcium-dependent ATPase was first isolated in 1970 (3:696-700). This heterogenous family of enzymes can be broadly subdivided into two separate groups. The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase occurs in most eukaryotic tissues. This 140-kDa enzyme binds calmodulin and is stimulated by calcium ion (10:285-297). Although it may be derived from plants, yeasts, or, for example,
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CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES.
Term Paper ID:22123
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Essay Subject:
Definition, process involving chemistry & immunology, problems, applications.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
8 sources, 27 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Definition, process involving chemistry & immunology, problems, applications.
Paper Introduction:
Catalytic Antibodies
Abstract
Catalytic antibodies are derived from chemically stable hapten which mimic reactions' transitional states. Through their binding energy, the antibodies are able to increase both the specificity and rate of the reactions. These techniques were initially applied to chemical processes which did not require catalysts. Various investigators, for example, have used catalytic antibodies to facilitate the Claisen rearrangement. More recent research, however, has focused on disfavored reactions (i.e., ring closure transformations). One day these methods may find widespread application in various fields of scientific endeavor.
Introduction
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION.
Term Paper ID:21965
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Essay Subject:
Argues against use in scientific research on moral grounds & offers alternatives.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
8 sources, 13 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Argues against use in scientific research on moral grounds & offers alternatives.
Paper Introduction:
The use of animals in scientific research cannot be justified on moral grounds. Animals have rights; philosophers have debated the extent of these rights for centuries. Recently, the American public has made significant strides in re-examining the inhumane treatment given to nonhuman creatures in the name of scientific advancement.
The current debate about animal rights is based on precedent set by Cartesian and utilitarian philosophers. Rene Descartes, the French philosopher, likened animals to machines because nonhuman creatures lacked the ability to reason and think. Animals, who learned only by experience, were inferior to human beings, who possessed the ability to learn through a variety of means. To Descartes, the inferior status of animals justified their exploitation as experimental research subjects. Descartes'
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MONARCH BUTTERFLY.
Term Paper ID:21850
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Essay Subject:
Metamorphosis, classification, features, flight, defenses, migration, habitats, mating, preservation.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
11 sources, 36 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Metamorphosis, classification, features, flight, defenses, migration, habitats, mating, preservation.
Paper Introduction:
The Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, is a widespread insect species. In North America, it is a most characteristic large, ornate butterfly. There has even been an effort in the United States to adopt the monarch as the national insect. Moreover, D. plexippus is the only insect listed by the Bonn Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. In fact, the extraordinary attention that the butterfly has received over the years has led some authors to doubt whether it is justified. The monarch butterfly certainly is not endangered; actually, relatively large numbers of the organism exist. Perhaps it is the monarch's combination of intriguing characteristics though, which have made it the focus of so much scientific investigation.
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BLACKFISH.
Term Paper ID:21684
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Essay Subject:
Classification, variations, physical features, habitat, behavior, feeding.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
12 sources, 42 Citations,
OTHER Format
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Paper Abstract:
Classification, variations, physical features, habitat, behavior, feeding.
Paper Introduction:
Blackfish (Tautoga onitis)
The blackfish, or tautog (Tautoga onitis), is a fairly obscure member of the wrasse family. Its powerful jaws enable the fish to feed on hard-shelled invertebrates. Although the tautog leads a relatively unspectacular life in the northwestern Atlantic, it does belong to a rather interesting family.
The tautog belongs to the animal kingdom. In addition, it occurs within the following Linnaean taxonomic subgroups: Phylum Chordata, Class Actinopterygii, Order Perciformes, and Family Labridae. Members of the Chordata phylum are characterized by the presence of a notochord (6:23). In fish this nervous system structure is enclosed within a bony vertebral column. Class Actinopterygii comprises the ray-finned fishes (6:76). Tautogs also belong to an extremely diverse order. The order,
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